graph theory used in economics

Networks play an important role in a wide range of economic phenomena. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. This completes the proof. Graph theory analysis (GTA) is a method that originated in mathematics and sociology and has since been applied in numerous different fields. 1 Introduction Networks are ubiquitous in social and economic phenomena. When considering problem (30), we assume =0; =+∞, for c > 0. Graph theory is the name for the discipline concerned with the study of graphs: constructing, exploring, visualizing, and understanding them. The participant i in this model is defined by the utility function (i∈J)= and the resource vector . A lot of works appeared lately dealing with the applications of graph theory to some models of economic dynamics [1–3] and related extremal problems [2, 4–9]. Thus,i.e., the functional is linear and is determined by the element Q(H). Previous Page. By the well-known theorems [1], there exists a price vector F such that the pair (F,G) is a characteristic of the trajectory (X, Y). This means that if the vector at the vertex is selected for transmission to the vertex , then the vector moves to the latter vertex. Graph Theory is ultimately the study of relationships. A visual representation of data, in the form of graphs, helps us gain actionable insights and make better data driven decisions based on them.But to truly understand what graphs are and why they are used, we will need to understand a concept known as Graph Theory. Networks play an important role in a wide range of economic phenomena. For example, if f(x) is plotted against x, conventionally x is plotted horizontally and the value of the function is plotted vertically. A description of the characteristics of the effective trajectories of the Neumann type models is given. For example, in the IS-LM graph shown here, the IS curve shows the amount of the dependent variable spending (Y) as a function of the independent variable the interest rate (i), while the LM curve shows the value of the dependent variable, the interest rate, that equilibrates the money market as a function of the independent variable income (which equals expenditure on an economy-wide basis in equilibrium). Let us calculate this functional. Proof. Next Page . A common and specific example is the supply-and-demand graph shown at right. In Figure 2, the graph shows a positive relationship between oil used and cost—as oil use increases, so does cost. Graph theory • A graph consists of a set of nodes (vertices) and edges describing which pair of vertices are connected, . Let be a function given by (32). Consider problem (30) under the assumption that = 0 and this problem has a solution. So, if F0, F1,…, are the characteristics of the trajectory X0,…, then relations (23) and (24) are true. Using the theorem on the mapping conjugate to the composition [1], we obtain . In this paper, an attempt is made to apply the elements of graph theory to the models of economic dynamics with consideration of transportation costs. Suppose that we have a graph (J, G) equipped with a system of matrices () (j,i∈G), each i being associated with the resource vector and the utility function . Assuming u=(u1,u2,…,), we denote this model by (u, x). For convenience, we will assume that each vertex is provided with a loop, i.e., i∈G(i) for every i. Let the set (x1,x2,…,,p) be an equilibrium state of the model (u, x) and =(λ1, λ2,…, ). Suppose . These operations can be carried out in different order. However, a major innovation in economic theory has been the use of methods stemming from graph theory to describe and study relations between economic agents in networks. Each object in a graph is called a node. Then the vector is a solution of the problemHere is a function defined by equality (32), and, as above, it is assumed that 0/0=0. Further, let. It immediately follows that . In other words, if F=(f1,f2,…,) G=(g1,g2,...,) are price vectors and F∈(G), then there exists a price vector H=(h1,h2,…,), such that H∈(G), F∈(H). The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. The sequence ,...,, where (,…,), is a characteristic of the trajectory X0,... if and only if here is an operator defined by (9). There are various types of graphs depending upon the number of vertices, number of edges, interconnectivity, and their overall structure. Equality (9) follows from the fact that Y∈B(Y) for all Y. • Graph may be weighted or not . We consider production mappings which define the Neumann-Gale model [10]. Our rough plan for the course is as follows. But this kind of matrix will not be used in the sequel. An alteration of either supply or demand is shown by displacing the curve to either the left (a decrease in quantity demanded or supplied) or to the right (an increase in quantity demanded or supplied); this shift results in new equilibrium price and quantity. Denote the considered model by (U, X), where U=(u1,u2,…,), X=(x1,x2,…,). Then it follows from (31) that is a solution of problem (33). Applying Graph Theory to Some Problems of Economic Dynamics, Baku State University, 23 Academician Z.Khalilov St., Baku AZ1148, Azerbaijan, The graph of the mapping В, i.e., the set, J. In economics graphs are often used to show the relationship between two concepts, such as, price and quantity. The validity of relation (23) follows immediately from this statement.The inclusions ∈a(), ∈)) imply the inequality [Q(), ] ≤ [,], which, in turn, combined with (25) implies the inequality At the same time, the relation Q() ∈ () shows that ≤ [Q(), ].Thus, [Q(), ] = [,]. Sometimes, instead of the conjugate , it is convenient to use its inverse mapping , called the dual mapping [11]: Proposition 1 (see [10]). This model is denoted as (u, λ, x), where u=(u1,u2,…,), λ=(λ1, λ2,…, ). Let . Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. Graph theory is the name for the discipline concerned with the study of graphs: constructing, exploring, visualizing, and understanding them. Future research should further develop these methods to assess supply chain vulnerability and develop new ones, and compare such alternative methods to graph theory modeling in order to determine the superior approach—similar to what has been done in other fields (e.g., Gutierrez et … The most common example in economics is a graph with quantity on the x axis, and price on the y axis. The last relation can be rewritten as where. Among observable data, three categories can be defined: redundant data (deleting this measurement does not change the system observability), non-redundant and measured data, non-measured data. Then every vector x ≥ 0 with [p,x]=0 is a solution of both problem (29) and problem (30). Some examples for topologies are star, bridge, series and parallel topologies. Offered by University of California San Diego. Using the theorem on characteristics, under some conditions it is possible to prove the existence of an equilibrium (Z, H) for the model (U, X) with an additional property that the value of the problem coincides for all i with either zero or unity. When they see an economic issue or problem, they go through the theories they know to see if they can find one that fits. Graph Theory - Types of Graphs. In other words, the arc (j, k)∈J x J is obviously forbidden in these problems if . With practice, it will become easy to recognize what story the graph is telling. Using relations (32) and (33), we getAs , we have for all . Equilibrium state of the model (u, λ, x) is defined as the set (x1,x2,…,,p), where P is a price vector, x1,x2,…, is a resource vector with ,and is a solution of the problem In the sequel, we will assume that all utility functions are first degree positively homogeneous functions. Characteristic prices of the effective trajectory can be interpreted as the equilibrium prices in some model of distribution economy. A graph is a mathematical structure consisting of numerous nodes, or vertices, that contain informat i on regarding different objects. The graphs we’ve discussed so far are called line graphs, because they show a relationship between two variables: one measured on the horizontal axis and the other measured on the vertical axis. Assume that =0. More generally, there is usually some mathematical model underlying any given economic graph. This paper studies dynamic models of production and exchange on graph with consideration of transportation costs. It is assumed that for all j. Consider the complete graph with the same set of vertices J, and associate every pair (j, k)∈J x J with the matrix by letting if (j, k)∈G and otherwise. The same is also true for the mapping b. However, since the equality a()= may not be satisfied, the relation a()= may not hold. This equilibrium is where the supply of a good and the demand of a good for a given price are equal. Denote by , (t=1,…,T; (j,i)∈G) the elements , with the property. Economics uses lots of models to convey economic theory. Recall that, for the superlinear mapping c: → , its conjugate is defined by the equalityThe symbol [x, y] denotes the scalar product of the vectors x and y. The most famous usa of graph theory in game theory is in the definition of a sequential game. Despite this fact, standard economic theory rarely considers economic networks explicitly in its analysis. Remark 2. Let b=A∘В. The existence of equilibrium is proved under some conditions. Even though the axes refer to numerical variables, specific values are often not introduced if a conceptual point is being made that would apply to any numerical examples. Remark 3. Proposition 5. applications of Graph Theory in the different types of fields. • Graph is undirected if . Little, M. T. Murty, D. Sweeney, and Carrel, “Algorithms for solving the problems of the traveling salesman,”, M. C. Alvares and D. Ehnts, “Graph theory and macroeconomic regimes in stock-flow consistent modeling,”, E. N. Kuzbozhev, “Application of graph theory in planning,”, L. V. Kantorovich, “Optimization Methods and Mathematical Models of Economics,”. Let () be the effective trajectory of the model admitting the characteristics (). It is well known that the set B(H) coincides with the super differential of the superlinear functional . Despite this fact, standard economic theory rarely considers economic networks explicitly in its analysis. This graph shows supply and demand as opposing curves, and the intersection between those curves determines the equilibrium price. Characteristics of effective trajectories in Neumann type models are given. In our researches, we have identified different types of graphs that are used in most important real field applications and then tried to give their clear idea from the Graph Keywords : Bipartite Graph, Connected Graph, Social Media Networks, Graph Coloring, Median Graph. By Proposition 1, , i.e., for all and . Then G=Q(H)=H. First we find the quantity [H,Z], where Z∈B(Y); i.e., Z is representable in the form Z=(z1,z2,…,), where , and the elements are such that , j=1,2,…,m.We have It follows that .The maximum here is calculated over independent sets; that is, the elements on which the maximum is attained for some j depend only on .Therefore,It is known from the theory of semiordered spaces [5] that the maximum under the first sign of sum can be written in the form [, ], where is the element defined by (9). On the other hand, the equilibrium state of (u, λ, x) is the equilibrium state of (u, x) for any λ. A graph showing the relationship between price and quantity, which is … In economics, theories are expressed as diagrams, graphs, or even as mathematical equations. It is shown that the characteristic prices can be considered as equilibrium prices in some distribution models. The relationship between variables may be positive or negative. Let this trajectory have the form (X, Y). 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