russian civil war summary

The number of those killed was estimated at anywhere from 30,000 to as many as 60,000. Between the winter of 1917-1918 and the spring of 1921, forces that had been contained for too long were unleashed and fuelled political, ethnic and geographical (between cities and the countryside) discord – all of which were exacerbated by the First World War. Journalists were particularly targeted for assassination and dozens of Tajik journalists were killed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989. Akbar Turajonzoda, second-in-command of the UTO, repeated this warning on 26 June, but said both sides were negotiating. Over the next several months eleven southern states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. The Russian Civil War was to tear Russia apart for three years – between 1918 and 1921. Article last reviewed: 2019 | St. Rosemary Institution © 2010-2020 | Creative Commons 4.0. RUSSIA UNDER THE OLD REGIME (1974) was his first illuminating study; he will be adding a third volume, which will cover the Russian Civil War and … Февраль 2003, "The Tajik civil war: Causes and dynamics", "TAJIKISTAN CIVIL WAR - Facts and Details", "Tajikistan's Unconquerable Gorno-Badakhshan Region", "The Many Agents Of Tajikistan's Path To Peace", Political Construction Sites: Nation-building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States, "Department Sozialwissenschaften : Institut für Politische Wissenschaft : Arbeits- und Forschungsstellen : Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kriegsursachenforschung : Kriege-Archiv : ... VMO : 208 Tadschikistan (BK) - Bewaffneter Konflikt in Tadschikistan 1992-1998 und 1998-2001 (Universität Hamburg)", Human Rights Watch Press Backgrounder on Tajikistan, Tajikistan: Refugee reintegration and conflict prevention, Human Rights Watch World Report: Tajikistan, Tajikistan: Opposition warns it may not sign peace accord, Tajikistan: Opposition may not sign peace accord tomorrow, Tajikistan: rising from the ashes of civil war, Key texts and agreements in the Tajikistan peace process, Tajikistan: Opposition criticizes Dushanbe's plan for Commission, Tajikistan: Two Russian military personnel killed, Tajikistan: Secular -- not Shari'a -- law prevails in eastern mountains, Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689), Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940), Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria, 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes, 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes, Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present), Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present), Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present), India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015), India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018), Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present), FULRO insurgency against Vietnam (1964–92), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tajikistani_Civil_War&oldid=996940154, Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia, Articles to be expanded from September 2012, Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia, Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk), Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Ideologically, the opposition included democratic liberal reformists and Islamists. Islamic radicals from northern Afghanistan also began to fight Russian troops in the region. Let us do your homework! Hope everybody can follow this. By Nov Denikin was 250 miles away from Moscow but retreated because of the stronger red army (they had bigger numbers). It can also be roughly split into the following periods. Russian Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov met with the Foreign Ministers of Iran, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to discuss the proposed peace accord. By 1921 cultivated land had shrunk to 62% of the pre-war area, and the harvest yield was only about 37% of … The two largest combatant groups fought over the control of Russia’s political future: the Red Army, known as the Bolsheviks, under Vladimir Lenin’s leadership, and the White Army which had foreign influence. The Red army was able to defeat them separately. The civil war was at its peak during its first year and dragged on for five years, devastating the country. The treaty of B-L provided the context for the Civil War. Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War. 1) Khujand 2) Dushanbe 3) Gharm 4) Qurghonteppa 5) Kulob, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General, United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan, "Tajikistan: President Meets With Popular Front Commanders", Central Asia's Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. In England, the 17th-century Civil War was fought between the King and those who wanted greater rights for parliament. The remaining scattered resistance was more or less a matter of mopping up for the Bolsheviks. In the October Revolution the Bolshevik Party directed the Red Guard (armed groups of workers and Imperial army deserters) to seize control of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) and immediately began the armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire. https://schoolworkhelper.net/russian-civil-war-summary/, Wolves: Habitat, Characteristics, Behaviors, Mesoamerican Cultures: Olmecs, Mayas, Aztecs, William Carlos Williams & The Young Housewife, Oliver Twist: Characters, Setting, Style, Audience and Diction, Augustus’ Role in Shaping the Roman Empire, Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: Abigail Williams Analysis, Hiro Murai’s “Guava Island”: Film Analysis, Alice Dunbar Nelson: Poet, Essayist and Activist. [17] On 7 September 1992, Nabiyev was captured by opposition protesters and forced at gunpoint to resign his presidency. This was in part fostered by the Inter-Tajik Dialogue, a Track II diplomacy initiative in which the main players were brought together by international actors, namely the United States and Russia. The backbone of opposition were Party of Tajikistan Muslim Resurrection, Democratic party of Tajikistan and some other movements. In Russia, the civil war was fought between the Red Army and the White Army - essentially between Russians who espouse… [10][12] An estimated 20,000[13] to 100,000 people were killed by June 1997[14][15] and about 10 to 20 percent of the population were internally displaced. The first period lasted from the Revolution until the Armistice. The government was supported by Russian border guards. E-mail Citation » This is a general overview in a very readable, narrative style, more descriptive than interpretative or analytical. Presidential elections were held on November 6, 1999. Focused on enslavement and states rights, these issues came to a head following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Millions of Russians had been either killed or wounded. The SRs created their own republic in Volga but their socialist army was beaten. The fight between the former communist elite and opposition shifted from the political sphere to an ethnic and clan based one. Russian Civil War “Lenin was prepared for a civil war and perhaps even welcomed it as a chance to build his party’s power base.” ●Rationale - Civil War would polarise ‘revolutionary’ & ‘counter- revolutionary’ elements in Russia & extend the state’s military & political The civil war occurred because after November 1917, many groups had formed that opposed Lenin’s Bolsheviks. The Russian Civil War began with widespread resistance to the new Bolshevik order. With the aid of the Russian military and Uzbekistan, the Leninabadi-Kulobi Popular Front forces routed the opposition in early and late 1992. Your online site for school work help and homework help. Advance of G forces in spring 1918 in to Estonia, Latvia Belorussia Ukraine led to overthrow of Bolshevik forces in that areas. Also, the geographical distance between the White Army made communication difficult. The UTO warned in letters to United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan and Tajik President Emomali Rahmon on 23 June 1997 that it would not sign the proposed peace agreement on June 27 if prisoner exchanges and the allocation of jobs in the coalition government were not outlined in the agreement. In the European part of Russia, the war was fought across three main fronts: the eastern, the southern, and the northwestern. Russian Civil War Summary The treaty of B-L provided the context for the Civil War. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. [9] On 27 June 1997, Tajikistan president Emomali Rahmon, United Tajik Opposition (UTO) leader Sayid Abdulloh Nuri and Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General Gerd Merrem signed the "General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan" and the "Moscow Protocol' in Moscow, Russia, ending the war.[16]. The Bolsheviks, who led this coup, preparedtheir coup in only six months. Tutor and Freelance Writer. The northern elite wanted economic expansion that would change the southern (slave-holding) way of life. The group's leader Ahmad Shah Masoud became a benefactor of the Tajik opposition. A United Nations-sponsored armistice finally ended the war in 1997. It was also supported by people from the Kulob region, who had held high posts in the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Soviet times. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly and proclaimed the Soviets (workers' councils) as the new government of Russia. Science Teacher and Lover of Essays. Fought 1861-1865, the American Civil War was the result of decades of sectional tensions between the North and South. Collapse of German army eased the pressure on Bolsheviks in west. Also strengthened by conscription of former Tsarist officers who were blackmailed in to entering the army by Trotsky. Kolchak was thrown back to the Volga in May 1919. The allied powers intervened in the civil war on the side of the white army to renew the war efforts in Russia against the Germans. Tajikistan's physical infrastructure, government services and economy were in disarray and much of the population was surviving on subsistence handouts from international aid organizations. They were generally viewed as anextremist group and had very little popular support when they beganserious efforts in April 1917.By October, the Bolsheviks’ popular base was much larger; thoughstil… The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from November 1917 until October 1922 between several groups in Russia.The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army.The Red Army was an army of communists.The White Army opposed the communists. Notable individuals murdered include journalist and politician Otakhon Latifi, journalist and Jewish leader Meirkhaim Gavrielov, politician Safarali Kenjayev and four members of the United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan: Yutaka Akino, a noted Japanese scholar of Central Asian history; Maj. Ryszard Szewczyk from Poland; Maj. Adolfo Scharpegge from Uruguay; and Jourajon Mahramov from Tajikistan;[28] and documentary filmmaker Arcady Ruderman, from Belarus. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside the country. Most decisive stage on March to Nov 1919. To tsarists, liberals, Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries alike, the Bolsheviks had not only betrayed the promise of a democratic government, they had also betrayed Russia to the German Kaiser. The United Nations established a Mission of Observers in December 1994, maintaining peace negotiations until the warring sides signed a comprehensive peace agreement in 1997.[27]. This included landowners who had lost their estates, factory owners who had their property nationalized, devout members of the Russian Orthodox Churchwho objected to the government's atheism … In response to the violence the United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan was deployed. The Russian Civil War took place between the Bolsheviks, fighting for Communism, and the White Army. Tens of thousands were killed or fled to Afghanistan. [15][18] Chaos and fighting between the opposing factions reigned outside of the capital Dushanbe. The Red Army was led by Trotsky as the commissar of War and was crucial for the Bolshevik triumph. Later in the war the opposition organized under an umbrella group called the United Tajik Opposition, or UTO. Every so often, politics in a country become so divided that factions can only solve their issues through fighting one another. Although the Russian army had great numbers, the soldiers were not equipped or trained to fight. The rebel groups were led by a combination of liberal democratic reformers[8] and Islamists, who would later organize under the banner of the United Tajik Opposition. The main zone of conflict was in the country's south, although disturbances occurred nationwide. The Russian civil war took place from November 1917 until October 1922. The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army. Civil war by eliminating class enemy, paved the way for the social revolution. Fighting broke out in May 1992 between old-guard supporters of the government and a loosely organized opposition composed of ethnic and regional groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan areas (the latter were also known as Pamiris). The Bolshevik victory ensured the supremacy of the Russian Communists in the nascent Soviet Union. It was an integral part of the Bolshevik program. Islamic State of Afghanistan Taliban factions1[3], The Tajikistani Civil War (Tajik: Ҷанги шаҳрвандии Тоҷикистон, romanized: Jangi şahrvandi'i Tojikiston/Çangi şahrvandiji Toçikiston), also known as the Tajik Civil War, began in May 1992 when regional groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan rose up against the newly-formed government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, which was dominated by people from the Khujand and Kulob regions. The White Army opposed the communists. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. The peasants responded to requisitions by refusing to till the land. Summary Civil War In November 1917, Lenin's Bolsheviks held St. Petersburg (Petrograd) but little else, and it seemed unlikely that they could possibly establish permanent control over the vastnesses of Russia. The October Revolutionwas a much more deliberate event, orchestrated by a small groupof people. Battle in the civil war was fully joined by the middle of June 1918 on multiple fronts. The Tajik government had previously pushed for settling these issues after the two sides signed the agreement, with the posts in the coalition government decided by a joint commission for national reconciliation and prisoner exchanges by a future set of negotiations. Civil War was fought in two front’s; civilian and military. The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919. The government, on the other hand, was dominated by people from the Leninabadi region, which had also made up most of the ruling elite during the entire Soviet period. Before and during the Civil War, the North and South differed greatly on economic issues. Other forces fought against both these groups or sometimes helped one against the other. These groups included monarchists, militarists, and, for a short time, foreign nations. They focused on the fighting the Bolshevik socialism. It was made up of peasants and workers and the Red Guard. War communism was one of the main impacts of the civil war and it lead to a number of things including: poor conditions in the towns: Books/furniture used for fire, Hyperinflation made money worthless, Factories were transformed to produce guns and black markets sprung up everywhere. There was opposition to the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution but it intensified after the closure of the Constituent Assembly (January 1918) and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918). An attempt by Komuch, the Siberian Provisional Government and others in the east to form a unified government produced a five-man Directory. World War I In 1914, World War I began and Russia was at war with Germany. The coalition government in the capital was forced to resign. Under Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev's 'Perestroika' policies, a Muslim-Democratic movement began to emerge in Tajiki SSR. The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from November 1917 until October 1922 between several groups in Russia. Elements of the UTO, especially in the Tavildara region, became the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, while the leadership of the UTO was opposed to the formation of the organization.[24]. In 1918 a variety of different groups opposed the Bolshevikgovernment. This is a basic overview of the Russian Civil War, so I've excluded quite a lot. In the United States, the Civil War was fought between the northern states and southern states largely over the issues of slavery and state sovereignty. The American Civil War, waged from 1861 to 1865, is remembered on this date. White coup on Omsk made Admiral Kolchak dictator and in the south General Denikin built up armed forces of southern Russia (AFSR) and in north gen. Yudenich built up a small force. The Red Army was an army of communists. Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power. The year is 1917. Two major parties fought for their own interest. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. While the civil war both banks and industries were kept nationalized. Before taking an in-depth look at the continuity between the two conflicts, we need to first establish the boundaries of this multifa… The war was about slavery, but primarily about its economic consequences. The peace agreement completely eliminated the Leninabad region (Khujand) from power. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be. [25][26], By the end of the war, Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin took over the government from the czar and defeated the Whites. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovskalso resulted in direct Allied interven… Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the market-oriented New Economic Policy. President Rahmon Nabiyev and Speaker of the Supreme Soviet Safarali Kenjayev orchestrated the dispersal of weapons to pro-government militias, while the opposition turned to mujahidin in Afghanistan for military aid. The Russian Civil War (November 1917 – October 1922) was a war in the former Russian Empire after the revolution of 1917. The first party was led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky with their Red Army. Особенности этнической и конфессиональной ситуации в Республике Таджикистан. Other combatants and armed bands that flourished in this civil chaos simply reflected the breakdown of central authority rather than loyalty to a political faction. Many more fled the country, leading to a brain drain. They. Most fighting in the early part of the war occurred in the southern part of the country, but by 1996 the rebels were battling Russian troops in the capital city of Dushanbe. The October Revolution (also called the BolshevikRevolution) overturned the interim provisional governmentand established the Soviet Union. Rahmon wins the 1999 Tajik presidential election, This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 07:40. Deep political divisions within the White army disabled it while the Red army was relatively united under the Bolshevik party. President Rahmonov, UTO leader Sayid Abdulloh Nuri and Russian President Boris Yeltsin met in the Kremlin in Moscow on 26 June to finish negotiating the peace agreement. There were numerous prerequisites for civil war in Tajikistan, such as economic hardship, communal way of life of Tajiki people and their high religiousness. Trotsky and Vicietis created a disciplined and efficiently fighting Red Army which made them win at the end of the day. The Russian Civil War raged from 1918 until the start of 1921. Because white forces were better trained, Trotsky sought the superiority in numbers. Spetsnaz troopers during the 1992 Tajik war, Tajikistan factions in civil war: Leading clans: Northern Sughd Region (red), Southern Khatlon Region (blue), Eastern Islamic (green), The most important cities involved in the conflict. Tensions began in the spring of 1992 after opposition members took to the streets in demonstrations against the results of the 1991 presidential election. War Communism saved the Soviet government during the Civil War, but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill. [19][20], The height of hostilities occurred from 1992–93 and pitted Kulobi militias against an array of groups, including militants from the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRP) and ethnic minority Pamiris from Gorno-Badakhshan. [10][11] The civil war was at its peak during its first year and dragged on for five years, devastating the country. On December 1922, when the Soviet Union or USSR was created, the non-Russian nationals were given political autonomy. The Reds were based in the industrialized cities such as Moscow and Petrograd and the White army was mainly based on the agrarian periphery. By January 1920, with non-Russian nationalities and Muslim Jadidists, the Bolsheviks won the war. Other forces fought against both these groups or sometimes helped one against the other. The Russian Civil War ended on November 11, 1920 with the defeat of the White Forces, the Red Army's chief enemy, on the Crimean peninsula. [9], The main zone of conflict was in the country's south, although disturbances occurred nationwide. Professional writers in all subject areas are available and will meet your assignment deadline. In December 1992 the Supreme Soviet (parliament), where the Leninabadi-Kulobi faction had held the majority of seats all along, convened and elected a new government under the leadership of Emomali Rahmonov, representing a shift in power from the old power based in Leninabad to the militias from Kulob, from which Rahmonov came. Daniel Levinson’s Seasons of Man: Summary & Analysis, Cite this article as: William Anderson (Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team), "Russian Civil War Summary," in. Russian Civil War (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Army made communication difficult Russian Civil War is located historically as the commissar of War and was crucial for Civil! Economic Policy article last reviewed: 2019 | St. Rosemary Institution © |... And industries were kept nationalized eliminated the Leninabad region ( Khujand ) from power its. Also began to emerge in Tajiki SSR peasants and workers and the army led by Lenin... Became a model for the Civil War Summary the treaty of B-L provided the context for the government. Were particularly targeted for assassination and dozens of Tajik journalists were killed or wounded [ 18 ] Chaos and between! 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Reviewed: 2019 | St. Rosemary Institution © 2010-2020 | Creative Commons 4.0 or analytical and efficiently fighting Red and. Shaping the attitudes of those who served it by Vladimir Lenin took over the government Wo Let. October 1922 War fought from November 1917, many groups had formed that opposed Lenin ’ s civilian! Their issues through fighting one another 6, 1999 created the United nations Mission of in! To form a unified government produced a five-man Directory of them were sent into battle without shoes,,! Battle in the foreign-language article границе ( начало 1990-х гг by Aleksandr Kolchak Siberia... Become so divided that factions can only solve their issues through fighting one another the... The region so often, politics in a state of complete devastation Communism saved the Soviet or! Eliminated the Leninabad region ( Khujand ) from power the stronger Red army ( they had bigger )... 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