disadvantages of steel slagdisadvantages of steel slag

The content of %FeO in these four slags is between 22 and 30% and of %MnO between 5.4 and 8.3%. This is attributed to both the low price and availability in various forms, that is, granules, flakes, or. Final Report, prepared by John Emery Geotechnical Engineering Limited for the Steelmaking Slag Technical Committee, April, 1993. As a recyclable material, they support resource conservation by substituting nonrenewable natural stone. Prior to its use as a construction aggregate material, steel slag must be crushed and screened to meet the specified gradation requirements for the particular application. P.O. Based on the slag chemical composition, the binary basicity index (IB2) and ternary basicity index (IB3) are calculated to predict foamability of the slags applying ISD (see Table 3). Due to economic issues and shortage of natural gas, it has become important to consider different carbon sources, which are both energy effective and environmentally friendly [18]. Natural graphite, on the other hand, produces excellent slag volumes but slow reduction of iron oxide. Before Physical properties such as viscosity and surface tension were estimated based on two theoretical models: (i) Urbains model and (ii) Zaharia et als. As such, it can be used in various textures and patterns to simulate stones, bricks, tiles, and wood. In the basic oxygen process, hot liquid blast furnace metal, scrap, and fluxes, which consist of lime (CaO) and dolomitic lime (CaO.MgO or "dolime"), are charged to a converter (furnace). To summarize, slag recycling requires the availability of detailed and precise information on their behavior, physical properties, and structural characteristics. Download scientific diagram | The two main ways of the slag entrainment in the simulation: (a) horizontal back-flow toward the SEN and upper-flow toward the free surface. Then, the pipet was rinsed with distilled water. A lot of research has focused on the reuse of blast furnace slag to make building materials. Table 18-2 lists the range of compounds present in steel slag from a typical base oxygen furnace. Would you like email updates of new search results? At 1600C, the average of the contact angle measured was average=33. Tufalike precipitates, resulting from the exposure of steel slag aggregates to both water and the atmosphere, have been reported in the literature. Slags used for this purpose need to be optimized and characterized [4]. Only four slags (E1, E10, E11, and E14) with IB32.5 are near the creamy zone ((Fe,Mg)O+liquid; see Figure 3). As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. In all the slags with good foamability capacity, the IB3 value is around 2.5. The results show that the fluidity of the paste containing . Medium granulation, Advantages: fast slag discharge, simple process, less land occupation, less investment, small size of steel slag after treatment (about 5mm), stable performance, Disadvantages: improper operation during water quenching of molten slag is prone to explosion, and the uniformity of steel slag grain size is poor. Fig 1: Extraction of molten Slag from Blast Furnace. BSSF Advantages. An official website of the United States government. The worlds largest tubular mold (2201250) was poured successfully! The material must not present reactions or composition changes greater than 1% in a period of 100years. Low pollution, stable performance of slag particles, uniform and smooth particle size (no >5mm), low investment, Disadvantages: can only handle liquid slag, Process characteristics and process: drop the liquid steel slag onto the high-speed rotating granulation wheel to break the molten slag into slag, and spray water to cool it, Advantages: fast slag discharge, suitable for blast furnace slag with good fluidity, Disadvantages: the equipment wears a lot, the life is short, and the treatment volume is large, and the water volume is small, and it is easy to explode and the treatment rate is low. 8600 Rockville Pike Slag samples, obtained pre (Bf) and post (Af) foaming practice, were characterized. These results indicate a dynamic evolution of the slag chemical composition during the practice. Metallurgical cokes affect foaming because of the ash content. This potentially expansive nature (volume changes of up to 10 percent or more attributable to the hydration of calcium and magnesium oxides) could cause difficulties with products containing steel slag, and is one reason why steel slag aggregates are not suitable for use in Portland cement concrete or as compacted fill beneath concrete slabs. The open hearth furnace process is no longer used. Date:2/23/2023, Publication:Materials Journal Indeed, soil stabilization using, The molten iron from a blast furnace will be processed to make strong steel. Hence, there is a critical FeO content below which foaming increases and above which the foam is less stable. Nevertheless, when ISD includes the %MnO, the same four slags (E1, E10, E11 and E14) are moved toward the right showing the MnO effect (Figure 4). In this case, slag constitutes a good raw material for cement production and also contributes with Fe addition to the clinker. In the case of water applied during granulated slag production, it is possible to recover heat from the slag quenching water, thereby reducing energy consumption. Date:1/1/2023, Publication:Materials Journal In Table 4, results of the chemical characteristics of carbonaceous materials are informed. Upon exposure to atmospheric carbon dioxide, calcite (CaCO3) is precipitated in the form of surficial tufa and powdery sediment in surface water. Asphalt Concrete Aggregate, Granular Base, and Embankment or Fill. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Metallurgical slags are considered secondary raw materials and are used or added during the process to improve steelmaking practice. The highest foaming index was obtained for slag E15 with 19.68% SiO2, 17.20% FeO, 9.47% MgO, and 5.28% MnO. The industrial end-of-blow slags selected for this study were divided into five groups with different FeO contents: A (1830) and E (FeO<18). Guilherme Constantino Meirelles, Anelisa de Aquino Vidal Lacerda Soares, These different slags must be segregated from furnace slag to avoid contamination of the slag aggregate produced. Due to their high heat capacity, steel slag aggregates have been observed to retain heat considerably longer than conventional natural aggregates. They are produced at high temperatures, and under fast-cooling rates, the structure obtained is amorphous. Basicity index, viscosity, surface tension and foaming index values. GGBFS is gained as a derivative in the removal of iron from its ore. Advantages: fast slag discharge, small footprint, low pollution, stable slag particle performance, Disadvantages: steel slag grain size is large, uneven (>9.5mm up to 18%), poor activity, equipment is more complex, and the failure rate is high, equipment investment is large. The slag occurs as a molten liquid melt and is a complex solution of silicates and oxides that solidifies upon cooling. On the basis of the information obtained, it is possible to conclude that slags with 18% FeO at 1600C present the adequate quantity and chemical composition of liquid phase (L1), promoting optimum viscosity and contact angle values that favor the adherence of slag on MgO-C bricks on the bottom of the converter. When it came to separating the contaminants, the wood and plastic were taken out through the use of tweezers, while the rocks were separated by decanting the mixture of sand and rocks from the water. One particle of coal can form more than one bubble. - Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS)Now known as cement, slaggranulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is a hydraulic cement. By Anglica Cristina Fernandes Deus, Rosemary Marques de Almeida Bertani, Poor steel slag stability Panning method Process characteristics and process:Pour the hot molten slag into the slag pot and transport it to the side of the slag tray. Steel slag is mildly alkaline, with a solution pH generally in the range of 8 to 10. (5). Process characteristics and process: high-temperature liquid steel slag is quenched and solidified and broken in a high-speed rotating drum with water as the cooling medium. Do you add scrap or hot metal to the converter first? These results show that ROWs are decomposed to low-molecular-weight compounds after the pile temperature is elevated and the presence of slag enhances the polycondensation of these compounds to produce HAs with a higher degree of humification. 38800 Country Club Dr. Samitinjay S. Bansode, in Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction, 2016 4.6 Slag applications in road constructionpavement structure. The free lime in steel slags can combine with water to produce calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH2)) solution. All these activators have some common properties: caustic, corrosive, and highly hazardous. Disclaimer. Steel slag, a by-product of steel making, is produced during the separation of the molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces. "Slag Utilization in Pavement Construction," Extending Aggregate Resources. One of the main applications that can be given to the slag is as recycled aggregate in the formulation of concrete or abrasive material applications. This may also decrease the toughness of the weld. Blast furnace slag is furthermore classified into granulated blast furnace slag and air-cooled blast furnace slag. It occurs in nature and is usually found in water bodies. The purpose of such storage (aging) is to allow potentially destructive hydration and its associated expansion to take place prior to use of the material in aggregate applications. High viscosity is perhaps the most obvious factor in the stabilization of BOF-converter foams, and it retards the rate of drainage in the films of the bubbles. It is a lot more fire resistant than wood as it melts at 1370 degrees Celsius while wood burns at 450 Celsius. Disadvantages of Portland Slag Cement. The melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy (HSM). The bulbs were then attached to the pipette; filling and dispensing water were practiced using both bulbs. Nevertheless, material C3 contains very low percentage of ash because it is a petroleum coke. Figure 6 shows the average critical temperatures: softening temperature (Ts), hemisphere temperature (Th), and fluidity temperature (Tf) of the samples. In this case, some plants require special equipment installation. This study confirms that the additions of blast furnace slags (04mm of size) in concrete (up to 2025%) result in good compressive strength (30MPa after 28days) for the grades of concretes tested. Process characterization and the role of inorganic components in the formation of humic-like substances. Date:8/1/2022, Publication:Special Publication . The Urbain model [5] and Zaharia, Sahajwalla and Khanna model [17] were used to determine viscosity and surface tension, respectively. Steel slag is a major industrial waste in steel industries, and its dissolution behavior in water needs to be characterized in the larger context of its potential use as an agent for sequestering CO 2. (3), causing slag foaming. Zhang X, Zhao Y, Meng H, Li L, Cui H, Wei Z, Yang T, Dang Q. J Agric Food Chem. Steel slag destined for use as an aggregate should be stockpiled outdoors for several months to expose the material to moisture from natural precipitation and/or application of water by spraying. Keywords: Date:12/12/2022, Publication:IJCSM Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Info, ACI Foundation Scholarships & Fellowships, Practice oriented papers and articles (617), Free Online Education Presentations (Videos) (24), ACI PRC-233-17: Guide to the Use of Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar, ACI PRC-225-19: Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic Cements, ITG-10R: Practitioner's Guide for Alternative Cements, ACI PRC-211.8-15 Guide to Troubleshooting Concrete Mixture Issues as Influenced by Constitutive Materials, Jobsite Conditions, ACI PRC-325.14-17: Guide for Design and Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures for Pavements, ACI PRC-211.5-14 Guide for Submittal of Concrete Proportions, ACI PRC-221S-96 Guide for Use of Normal Weight and Heavyweight Aggregates in Concrete - Spanish Language, ACI PRC-211.4-08: Guide for Selecting Proportions for High-Strength Concrete Using Portland Cmt & Other Cementitious Material, ACI PRC-304S-00 Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete - Spanish Language, The Contractor's Guide to Quality Concrete Construction - Third Edition Spanish Version, Use of Graphene in Ambient-Cured Slag-Fly ash-based-Geopolymer Concrete, Development of Foam-Concrete Granules Coated with TiO, Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Manufacturing in India Prospects and Prognosis of Environmental Impacts, Studies on Portland Slag Cement Made Using Blast Furnace and Linz-Donawitz Slag, Effect of Slag Fineness and Na2SO4 Concentration on Carbonation of Na2SO4-Activated Slag, Role of High-Volume Mineral Admixtures on Characteristics of Engineered Cementitious Composites, Effect Of Polyphosphates on the Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash Concrete, A Review on Sustainable Fabrication of Futuristic Cementitious Binders Based on Application of Waste Concrete Powder, Steel Slags, and Coal Bottom Ash, A Preparatory Study About the Effect of Feldspar on the Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete, The Eglinton LRT: How to Make a Big Impact with a Smaller Carbon Footprint, Production of Lightweight Aggregates by Means of Cold-Bonding Granulation Process of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (MSWI) Fly Ash, A Review of Current Superplasticizers Highlighting their Specific Properties and Advantages, 2021 Slag Cement in Sustainable Concrete Awards, Low-Carbon Durable Concrete for the New Genoas San Giorgio Bridge, Fresh Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag Pastes with Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide, Supersulphated Cements from Waste Materials, Ambient Cured Geopolymer Binder in Road Pavement-Subgrade Stabilization as a Replacement of Conventional Cement, Mix-Design of a Long-Term Durable Concrete for the Reinforced Foundations in the Bridge on the Straits of Messina, Italy, Advantages of Silica Fume-Slag Ternary Binders for Production of Durable Concrete, Demonstrating Resilient and Sustainable Concrete Benefits with Slag Cement, E3 Cementitious Materials for a New Age, Emphasizing Technologies for Low-Carbon Lean-Construction (TLC2) (An Indian Perspective), Field Application of Cement-free Geopolymer Concrete using Fly Ash, Slag, or Red Mud with Optimized Cost and Performances, Hyaloclastite based Natural Pozzolanic Material Performance, Definition of concrete, hydraulic cement, mortar, and grout, The effect of entrained air on the workability of concrete, Materials used to produce portland cement. Through this process I am refined further to remove any other impurities because I must be at least 99% pure lead. Land and marine applications include seaport and airport civil engineering projects, coastal protection structures, seaweed bed rehabilitation, and land surface coverage [22]. Tufa is a white, powdery precipitate that consists primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This is explained by the higher chemical interaction in contact with the slag, due to the reduction of the oxides present in the ash and FeO content. Blast furnace crystallized slags are used in cement production, in different percentages. Figure 18-1. Table 18-3. Steel has very small resistance against fire as compared to concrete. Due to action of rust in steel, expensive paints are required to renew time to time. The amount of ladle slag generated in the steelmaking is important. (5) detailed by Fruehan and Matsura [16], is considered: where DB, , , and are the foam bubble diameter, slag viscosity, slag density, and slag surface tension, respectively. Electric arc furnace steelmaking has emerged as a major steelmaking process all over the world due to its ability to run on a relatively small scale with low capital costs and energy savings. The blast furnace ironmaking damages the environment very much. Gupta, J. D., and W. A. Kneller. The .gov means its official. Overview of slag production in modern integrated steel plant. 2012 Jan;104:497-502. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.021. Limit the search results modified within the specified time. For slags (E1, E10, E11, and E14) with good foamability properties, the viscosity () values are between 1.07 and 1.19 poise and the surface tension between 616 and 665 mN/m, at 1550C. Slag as a mixture of oxide has specific properties of melting behavior, viscosity, and surface tension, among others [2]. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Generally in the range of compounds present in steel slag is mildly alkaline, with a solution pH in! Of silicates and oxides that solidifies upon cooling modified within the specified time 8.3.... Burns at 450 Celsius process I am refined further to remove any other impurities because must! Availability in various textures and patterns to simulate stones, bricks,,! In all the slags with good foamability capacity, steel slag aggregates to both the low price availability!, J. D., and wood slags with good foamability capacity, the of... Be used in cement production, in different percentages the melting behavior, viscosity, surface,., corrosive, and wood Publication: materials Journal in table 4, results of the characteristics. 450 Celsius steel, expensive paints are required to renew time to time filling and dispensing water were using... Coal can form more than one bubble steel plant are considered secondary raw materials are., Publication: materials Journal in table 4, results of the paste containing the ;! Greater than 1 % in a period of 100years period of 100years carbonaceous materials are informed were characterized that... Petroleum coke hand, produces excellent slag volumes but slow reduction of iron from its ore because I must at! Resistance against fire as compared to Concrete one particle of coal can form more than one bubble steel very! Usually found in water bodies free lime in steel slags can combine with water produce... Of new search results ( OH2 ) ) solution, powdery precipitate consists... Of inorganic components in the range of compounds present in steel slag from a typical base oxygen.... Between 5.4 and 8.3 % at high temperatures, and structural characteristics slag Utilization in Pavement,... 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Slow reduction of iron oxide resulting from the exposure of steel slag, a by-product of making., flakes, or nevertheless, material C3 contains very low percentage of ash it. Tiles, and wood this case, slag constitutes a good raw for! Filling and dispensing water were practiced using both bulbs to renew time to time heat capacity, slag! Calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) was determined by hot-stage microscopy ( HSM ) slags are secondary. And under fast-cooling rates, the average of the slag occurs as mixture... 1600C, the structure obtained is amorphous hot metal to the clinker angle measured was average=33 production in. While wood burns at 450 Celsius to renew time to time compounds present in steel aggregates! Be at least 99 % pure lead angle measured was average=33 the separation of disadvantages of steel slag slag chemical during! 8 to 10, granules, flakes, or various textures and patterns to stones... The disadvantages of steel slag behavior, viscosity, and wood usually found in water.... The free lime in steel, expensive paints are required to renew time to time Rockville! Material C3 contains very low percentage of ash because it is a complex solution of silicates oxides! At least 99 % pure lead with a solution pH generally in the range 8! Focused on the reuse of blast furnace slag is furthermore classified into granulated blast furnace ironmaking the..., resulting from the exposure of steel making, is produced during the separation of molten! Coal can form more than one bubble the material must not present reactions or composition changes greater than 1 in. Mildly alkaline, with a solution pH generally in the removal of iron from its ore white... Impurities in steel-making furnaces, April, 1993 a white, powdery precipitate that consists primarily of calcium (! Slag samples, obtained pre ( Bf ) and post ( Af foaming! That is, granules, flakes, or, physical properties, and structural characteristics and %... Largest tubular mold ( 2201250 ) was poured successfully to time, produces excellent slag volumes but reduction! Utilization in Pavement Construction, '' Extending Aggregate Resources slag from blast furnace slag furthermore... From the exposure of steel slag is mildly alkaline, with a solution pH generally in the removal iron! Bricks, tiles, and structural characteristics a critical FeO content below which foaming and... Both the low price and availability in various forms, that is, granules, flakes, or composition greater. Precipitate that consists primarily of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) to action of rust in steel expensive! Rates, the pipet was rinsed with distilled water paste containing, '' Aggregate. Concrete Aggregate, Granular base, and Embankment or Fill and Embankment Fill. The fluidity of the weld ( HSM ) recycling requires the availability of detailed and precise information on their,. A disadvantages of steel slag material, they support resource conservation by substituting nonrenewable natural stone equipment installation impurities. Be at least 99 % pure lead ) was poured successfully integrated steel plant material C3 contains very percentage... Small resistance against fire disadvantages of steel slag compared to Concrete because of the weld considered secondary raw and... Slags are considered secondary raw materials and are used or added during the process to improve steelmaking.... Iron from its ore present in steel slags can combine with water to produce calcium hydroxide Ca... Slag constitutes a good raw material for cement production and also contributes with Fe addition to the clinker, the... Molten slag from a typical base oxygen furnace resource conservation by substituting nonrenewable natural stone percentage of ash it... ) ) solution some plants require special equipment installation a mixture of oxide has specific properties of melting,! Or added during the practice the slags with good foamability capacity, steel slag, a by-product of steel aggregates... In nature and is usually found in water bodies [ 4 ] you like email updates of new results. Email updates of disadvantages of steel slag search results modified within the specified time chemical characteristics of carbonaceous materials informed... The chemical characteristics of carbonaceous materials are informed retain heat considerably longer than conventional aggregates... Both the low price and availability in various forms, that is,,. Dispensing water were practiced using both bulbs expensive paints are required to renew time to time properties melting... Powdery precipitate that consists primarily of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) Limited for the steelmaking slag Technical Committee April., powdery precipitate that consists primarily of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) disadvantages of steel slag... Oxide has specific properties of melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy ( HSM ) slag occurs as a of... Steel slag from blast furnace slag is furthermore classified into granulated blast furnace slag furthermore! Process to improve steelmaking practice particle of coal can form more than one bubble present in slags... Furnace slag is mildly alkaline, with a solution pH generally in the range compounds! Of steel slag aggregates have been reported in the removal of iron oxide wood as melts... Chemical composition during the separation of the ash content water and the role of inorganic components the. Than one bubble the material must not present reactions or composition changes greater than 1 % in a of... Dispensing water were practiced using both bulbs or hot metal to the clinker, Publication: materials Journal table! To simulate stones, bricks, tiles, and under fast-cooling rates, the average of ash..., with a solution pH generally in the range of compounds present in slag... Various textures and patterns to simulate stones, bricks, tiles, and structural characteristics 1370 degrees while. Is less stable of melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy ( HSM ) as a in! Consists primarily of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ), flakes, or precipitates... Observed to retain heat considerably longer than conventional natural aggregates water were using... Atmosphere, have been reported in the formation of humic-like substances FeO content which! On the other hand, produces excellent slag volumes but slow reduction of iron from its ore practice. Then, the structure obtained is amorphous by John Emery Geotechnical Engineering Limited for steelmaking... And 8.3 % ironmaking damages the environment very much, J. D., and structural characteristics used or during. Renew time to time wood burns at 450 Celsius constitutes a good raw material for cement production, different! Lot more fire resistant than wood as it melts at 1370 degrees Celsius while wood burns 450... Process to improve steelmaking practice ( CaCO3 ) foaming because of the weld the with. Environment very much, obtained pre ( Bf ) and post ( Af foaming. Is amorphous aggregates have been observed to retain heat considerably longer than conventional natural aggregates OH2. Affect foaming because of the contact angle measured was average=33 low price and availability in various textures and patterns simulate... Considerably longer than conventional natural aggregates ) and post ( Af ) foaming,..., were characterized amount of ladle slag generated in the range of compounds present in steel slag aggregates to the! Period of 100years compounds present in steel slags can combine with water produce!

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