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Author Introduction-Mary Rowlandson (ca. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Las nuevitas del cristal and examining of calicut, and settled in heavy and oppression among which letter of discovery christopher columbus summary of his mind; cannot expect some. There were many reasons for which Christopher Columbus wrote that first letter to Ferdinand and Isabella. (It is also unlikely Columbus initiated the long letter in the middle of the stormhe surely had more urgent matters to attend to; he probably wrote the main body of the letter in the calm period before the storm began on February 12, and hurried to finish them when the storm hit.)[23]. Columbus), so long as they are not possessed by any Christian owner (which Columbus's letter confirmed). No one refuses the asker anything that he possesses; on the contrary they themselves invite us to ask for it. It is assumed that Columbus wrote the original letter in Spanish. 1624), 21. Remember: This is just a sample from a fellow student. The Copiador version (but not the printed Spanish or Latin editions) also contains a somewhat bizarre detour into messianic fantasy, where Columbus suggests the monarchs should use the wealth of the Indies to finance a new crusade to conquer Jerusalem, Columbus himself offering to underwrite a large army of ten thousand cavalry and hundred thousand infantry to that end. I think these never lose their leaves, as I saw them looking as green and lovely as they are wont to be in the month of May in Spain. In 1542, the Dominican friar Bartolom de Las Casas, who spent many years among the indigenous people of the Caribbean, said there were only 200 indigenous people left on Hispaniola by this time. Most students recognize the name Christopher Columbus. Seven of these nine letters were previously unknown. Quick reference: printed Spanish edition of the Letter to Santangel (, The "Indian canoe" in the 1494 woodcut is actually a. When Columbus arrived back in Spain on March 15, 1493, he immediately wrote a letter announcing his discoveries to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who had helped finance his trip. 1745-1797), 82. Lisbon, March 14th. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Life of Christopher Columbus from his own Letters and Journals Author: Edward Everett Hale Release Date: February 15, 2006 [EBook #1492] Last Updated: November 7, 2016 Language: English . Adler, Joseph (1998) "Christopher Columbus's Voyage of Discovery: Jewish and New Christian Elements". Columbus's letter (particularly the Latin edition) forged the initial public perception of the newly discovered lands. fled as soon as they beheld us. On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail from Spain to find an all-water route to Asia. The rights, treaties and bulls pertain only to the Crown of Castile and Castilian subjects, and not to the Crown of Aragon or Aragonese subjects), It was apparently soon realized that the islands probably lay below the latitude boundary, as only a little while later, Pope Alexander VI issued a second bull Eximiae devotionis (officially dated also May 3, but written c. July 1493), that tried to fix this problem by stealthily suggesting the Portuguese treaty applied to "Africa", and conspicuously omitting mention of the Indies. In the letter, Christopher Columbus does not describe the journey itself, saying only that he traveled thirty-three days and arrived at the islands of "the Indies" (las Indias), "all of which I took possession for our Highnesses, with proclaiming heralds and flying royal standards, and no one objecting". The conquest, the forced labor of the economy of exploitation, and the introduction of European diseases had devastating demographic consequences. The Brothers (1863) By Louisa May Alcott, 175. If you use an assignment from StudyCorgi website, it should be referenced accordingly. It also lacks the Lisbon post-script and the note about it being sent to the Escriban de la Racion. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper. In the island, which I have said before was called Hispana, there are very lofty and beautiful mountains, great farms, groves and fields, most fertile both for cultivation and for pasturage, and well adapted for constructing buildings. [39] The prologue notes that the translation into Latin was undertaken by the notary Leander de Cosco and completed on April 29, 1493 ("third of the calends of May"). Correnti, Cesare (1863) "Discorso" in G. Daelli, editor, Edney, Matthew H. (1996, rev.2009), "The Columbus Letter: The Diffusion of Columbus's Letter through Europe, 14931497". This island is to be coveted, and not to be despised when acquired. Later in the letter, Columbus locates the islands at the latitude of 26N, more north of their actual location ("es distinta de la linea equinocial veinte e seis grados"). For if any one has written or told any thing about these islands, all have done so either obscurely or by guesswork, so that it has almost seemed to be fabulous. In retrospect, however, some hints are given earlier. The Vatican's copy was returned in January 2020. Author Introduction-Roger Williams (ca. A Latin translation of the letter (addressed to Gabriel Sanchez) was printed in Rome about a month later. 2022. Furthermore, Columbus restates that the people are the timidest in the world and his few men could easily destroy the whole land if they so wished. They are neither lazy nor awkward ; but, on the contrary, are of an excellent and acute understanding. Nonetheless, we remember Columbus as the man who first established a permanent link between the two worlds, and, for that reason alone, he is a figure of immense historical importance. From The Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, 11. I found among them no monsters, as very many expected; but men of great deference and kind; nor are they black like the Ethiopians; but they have long, straight hair. To Cole, The Painter Departing for Europe: A Sonnet (1829), 102. 1642-1729), 53. He notes that the natives usually fled when approached. Which is how the encomienda, a grant by the Spanish crown to a settler of a specified number of natives living in a particular area for forced labor, and repartimiento systems got started, and how native peoples found themselves giving gold to the Spanish and working as forced laborers. Columbus refutes these claims and says that his voyage was a victory. (1993) "The Periodization of the History of the New Christians and Crypto-Jews in Spanish America" in Y. K. Stillman and G. K. Zucker, editors. Speech of Tecumseh to Governor Harrison (1810) By Tecumseh, 94. [28]) In the letter, Columbus also locates the islands at 26N, quite north of their actual location, probably trying to set them above the latitude line designated by the Treaty of Alcovas of 1479 as the boundary of the exclusive dominions of the Portuguese crown (he fell a little shortthe treaty latitude was set at the Canary islands latitude, approximately 2750', which cuts around the middle of the Florida peninsula). Author Introduction-Alice Cary (1820-1871), 163. Author Introduction-Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), 191. StudyCorgi. Author Introduction-Alva Nunez Cabeza De Vaca (ca. They journeyed for three days, and found innumerable people and habitations, but small and having no fixed government; on which account they returned. The Brain is Wider Than the Sky (ca.1858-1865) By Emily Dickinson, 197. Henige, David (1994) "Finding Columbus: Implications of a newly discovered text". The Latin editions contain no postscript, but end with a verse epigram added by Leonardus de Cobraria, Bishop of Monte Peloso. He also gave a brief description of the native Arawaks (whom he called "Indians"), emphasizing their docility and amenability, and the prospects of their conversion to Catholicism. When I Heard the Learnd Astronomer (1867) By Walt Whitman, 182. In charge and discovery was no rest. In other words, that the Santangel and Sanchez letters, although practically identical, are nonetheless distinct. Author Introduction-Fanny Fern (Sara Willis Parton) (18111872), 165. These voyages brought home tales of violent tribes and inhospitable lands. Success is Counted Sweetest (ca.1858-1865) By Emily Dickinson, 199. Eager for a fait acompli, Ferdinand II played for time, hoping he could get Columbus out on his second voyage to the Indies before any suspensions were agreed to. An Indian's Looking-Glass for the White Man (1833) By William Apess, 106. In full, the opening of the first Roman edition reads:[76], The corrections (Ferdinand & Isabella, Gabriel Sanchez, Leander de Cosco) were undertaken in the Second and Third Roman editions later that same year, possibly as a result of complaints by Castilian emissaries in Rome who felt their Queen (and spellings) were given short-shrift by the Aragonese. [94], It might be worth noting here that the first known French translation appeared in Lyon in 1559, in a volume by Charles Fontaine. From Letters from an American Farmer (1782)-- Letter III "What is an American" By J. Hector St. John de Crvecoeur, 78. Columbus wants to have future voyages and explore the world better. Because of the "Almirante" signature and other clues, it is believed that all the Spanish editions are probably indirect, that is, that they were probably not directly copied from Columbus's original manuscript letter, but are themselves copies of earlier unknown copies or editions. Columbus only obtained confirmation of his title on March 30, 1493, when the Catholic Monarchs, acknowledging the receipt of his letter, address Columbus for the first time as "our Admiral of the Ocean Sea and Vice-Roy and Governor of the islands which have been discovered in the Indies" ("nuestro Almirante del mar Ocano e Visorrey y Gobernador de las Islas que se han descubierto en las Indias"). So too for pieces of hoops, jugs, jars and pots they bartered cotton and gold like beasts. The story of Columbus and the discovery of the New World is a hard subject as numerous people in this world do not know the real story of how Columbus discovered North America and his treatment towards the Natives. He was one of the earliest Europeans to land in the New World and was the first to establish a settlement for a. 1858-1865) By Emily Dickinson, 206. They culminated in the Treaty of Tordesillas partitioning the globe between Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exclusivity at a longitude line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde (about 4630' W). It is generally accepted that the Barcelona edition is prior to the Ambrosian one. StudyCorgi. Copies of Columbus's letter were somehow picked up by publishers, and printed editions of his letter began to appear throughout Europe within weeks of Columbus's return to Spain. Author Introduction-Thomas Paine (17371826), 67. Author Introduction-Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), 70. All that is available is a heavily edited and abridged version of the journal reproduced by, The following account relies on the available online facsimile and transcriptions listed at the bottom of the article. It established a demarcation line one hundred leagues west of the Azores and . [75] Its opening salutation hails Ferdinand II of Aragon (later editions also add mention of Isabella I of Castile) and identifies the translator as the notary "Aliander de Cosco" (later editions correct it to "Leander de Cosco"), noting that he finished translating it on April 29, 1493 ("third calends of May"). An error occurred trying to load this video. I have told already how I sailed in a straight course along the island of Johana from West to East 322 miles. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 15. On September 24, 1493, Christopher Columbus departed on his second voyage to the west Indies, with a massive new fleet. Author Introduction-Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), 120. The Indian Burying Ground (1788) By Philip Freneau, 92. This essay has been submitted by a student. Also Thatcher (1903: p. 42). For example, it can be observed that Columbus was a staunch believer of the Christian faith. CHRISTOPHER COLOM, Admiral of the Ocean Fleet. Thus, Columbus's letter serves as an early example of the harnessing of the new printing press by the State for propaganda purposes. Letter to Her Husband, Absent Upon Some Publick Employment, 35. Columbuss Letter on the First Voyage: Analysis. The title is given as De Insulis Indiae supra Gangem nuper inventis ("Of the islands of India beyond the Ganges, recently discovered"), and contains a prologue noting that it was sent by Christopher Columbus to "Raphael Sanxis" (later editions correct it to "Gabriel Sanchez"), the treasurer of the Crown of Aragon. The resulting poor condition of his ship forced him to put in at Lisbon (Portugal) on March 4, 1493. During the return journey, while aboard the ship, Columbus wrote a letter reporting the results of his voyage and announcing his discovery of the "islands of the Indies". [44] However, this leave open the question of why Columbus would have sent a separate letter to Gabriel Sanchez, treasurer of Aragon, with whom he was not intimate, nor was particularly involved in the Indies enterprise, nor any more influential in court than Santangel or some other people Columbus might have addressed.[45]. Before the Birth of One of Her Children, 38. Author Introduction-Lydia Maria Child (1802-1880), 159. Let's fix your grades together! As a result, Columbus declared that every native person over 14 years of age had to supply an ounce of gold dust every three months, and the local leaders were responsible for seeing that the tribute was paid. The prospect of new souls ready to be converted, emphasized in the letters, and a Spanish crown eager to undertake the expense of that effort, must have swayed more than a few opinions. Available from: https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/christopher-columbus-letter-its-purpose-and-rhetoric/. 3. Gabriel Sanchez was of a family of conversos who traced their origins back to a Jew named Alazar Goluff of Saragossa,[31] and Sanchez was married to the daughter of Santangel's cousin (also named Luis de Santangel). For it chanced that a sailor received for a single strap as much weight of gold as three gold solidi; and so others for other things of less price, especially for new blancas, and for some gold coins, for which they gave whatever the seller asked; for instance, an ounce and a half or two ounces of gold, or thirty or forty pounds of cotton, with which they were already familiar. Christopher Columbus is most definitely a villain, would a hero really do all the [], In 1492, Christopher Columbus made an unexpected discovery of the Americas while trying to accomplish his enterprise of the Indies that was supported by the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella (Levine 58). The Interesting Narrative of. With these they sail to all the islands, which are innumerable; engaging in traffic and commerce with each other. The Latin editions also have an epilogue with an epigram lauding Ferdinand II by the Neapolitan prelate Leonardus de Corbaria, Bishop of Monte Peloso. They proceeded onward and landed in Cuba. This paper was written and submitted to our database by a student to assist your with your own studies. 1) 16. This happened not because any loss or injury had been inflicted upon any of them. Columbus and His Discovery of America - Herbert Baxter Adams 1892 Christopher Columbus's Book of Prophecies - Christopher Columbus 1991 The English Catalogue of Books for .. - 1882 The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia - Silvio A. Beding 2016-02-08 The European discovery of the Americas in 1492 was one of the most important events of the As a result, Columbus declared that every native person over 14 years of age had to supply an ounce of gold dust every three months. The earliest Spanish record of the news, reporting that Columbus "had arrived in Lisbon and found all that he went to seek", is contained in a letter by Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega, Duke of Medinaceli, in Madrid, dated March 19, 1493.[27]. In his letter, Christopher Columbus claims to have discovered and taken possession of a series of islands on the edge of the Indian Ocean in Asia. The only way he can do is so by the sponsorship of the Ferdinand and Isabella. StudyCorgi. According to the Capitulations of Santa Fe negotiated prior to his departure (April 1492), Christopher Columbus was not entitled to use the title of "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" unless his voyage was successful. After the French and Indian War was over King George III ordered everyone that was living in North America to [], The Treaty of Waitangi, often referred to as the founding document of Aotearoa New Zealand. However, it is doubtful Columbus actually signed the original letter that way. No original manuscript copy of Columbus's letter is known to exist. This is a circumstance most favorable for what I believe our most serene King especially desires, that is, their conversion to the holy faith of Christ; for which, indeed, so far as I could understand, they are very ready and prone. Therefore let King and Queen and Princes, and their most fortunate realms, and all other Christian provinces, let us all return thanks to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who has bestowed so great a victory and reward upon us; let there be processions and solemn sacrifices prepared; let the churches be decked with festal boughs; let Christ rejoice upon Earth as he rejoices in Heaven, as he foresees that so many souls of so many people heretofore lost are to be saved; and let us be glad not only for the exaltation of our faith, but also for the increase of temporal prosperity, in which not only Spain but all Christendom is about to share. Much Madness Is Divinest Sense (ca. The nightingale was singing and various other little birds, when I was rambling among them in the month of November. "La Lettera dellisole che ha trovato nuovamente il Re Dispagna", Italian verse translation by Giuliano Dati, from Florence edition (October 1493), transcribed (without translation) in R.H. Major (1848: "The Columbus Letter: Concerning the Islands Recently Discovered in the Indian Sea", at the University of Southern Maine: "Carta a los Reyes de 4 Marzo 1493", Spanish. View 12 images in sequence. March, K. and K. Passman (1993) "The Amazon Myth and Latin America" in W. Haase and M. Reinhold, editors. Columbus envisions another voyage and asserts that the newfound land contains treasures for Spain and a lot of people to be converted to the holy faith of Christianity. To each of the others also I gave a new name, ordering one to be called Sancta Maria de Concepcion, another Fernandina, another Hysabella, another Johana; and so with all the rest. In official time, Eximiae precedes the second Inter caetera, but in actual time may have actually followed it.). ), marble, AD 1000-1500 whatever kind, they are satisfied. On the thirtythird day after leaving Cadiz I came into the Indian Sea, where I discovered many islands inhabited by numerous people. Columbus, C. (2019). They are all, as I said before, unprovided with any sort of iron, and they are destitute of arms, which are entirely unknown to them, and for which they are not adapted; not on account of any bodily deformity, for they are well made, but because they are timid and full of terror. [74], The first printed edition of the Latin translation of Columbus's letter was probably printed in Rome by the printer Stephen Plannck, ca. The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus, 1493-1496 Columbus' second voyage was the longest of his four, and the most ambitious. How to treat the indigenous people became an issue as soon as the Spanish arrived in the Western Hemisphere. 1858-1865 ) By Emily Dickinson, CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS TO THE NOBLE LORD RAPHAEL SANCHEZ ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. They manifest the greatest affection towards all of us, exchanging valuable things for trifles, content with the very least thing or nothing at all. The Premature Burial (1844) By Edgar Allan Poe, 138. He describes the islands as being inhabited by "Indians" (Indios). [14] For instance, in the Copiador letter, Columbus notes that island of "monsters" is called "Caribo", and explains how the warrior-women of Matinino send away their male children to be raised there. It is uncertain exactly what edition or manuscript Gonzlez copied (although some of the tell-tale mistakes of the Barcelona edition are repeated). Your time is important. [26] Once he determined the location of the islands discovered by Columbus, John II might initiate a legal offensive or dispatch his own ships, to claim them for Portugal. Columbuss [], The 18th Century WorldThe thirteen colonies of British North America are grouped into four regions such as New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. StudyCorgi. While the Portuguese tried to paint Columbus as merely just another Spanish interloper, little more than a smuggler, illegally trying to trade in their waters, the letters presented him as a great discoverer of new lands and new peoples. What Was Columbus Thinking? Bartleby, the Scrivener (1853) By Herman Melville, 145. Columbus finally arrived at Palos de la Frontera in Spain eleven days later, on March 15, 1493.[5]. Subsequent negotiations between the crowns of Portugal and Spain proceeded in Columbus's absence. Ife, Barry W. (1992) "Introduction to the Letters from America", King's College London. ("Fecha en la caravela sobra las yslas de Canaria a xv de Febrero, ano Mil.cccclxxxxiii"), and signed merely "El Almirante", while the printed Latin editions are signed "Cristoforus Colom, oceanee classis prefectus" ("Prefect of the Ocean fleet"). In one famous case, an Italian forger attempted to sell a copy to the New York Public Library. 1858-1865) By Emily Dickinson, 192. In his letter, Columbus seems to attempt to present the islands of the Indies as suitable for future colonization. In each island are many boats made of solid wood; though narrow, yet in length and shape similar to our twobankers, but swifter in motion, and managed by oars only. I saw some of these biremes, or boats, which carried 70 or 80 rowers. Harrisse (1866: p. 14) assumes Silber precedes Plannck's corrected edition. Author Introduction-Tecumseh (17681813), 93. Author Introduction-Richard Frethorne (died ca. [101] It contains significant differences from both the Spanish letter to Santangel and the Latin letter to Sancheznotably more details about Indian reports, including previously-unmentioned native names of islands (specifically: "Cuba", "Jamaica", "Boriquen" and "Caribo"), and a strange proposal to use the revenues from the Indies to launch a crusade to conquer Jerusalem. This copy contains a significantly different ending, "Fecha en la carabela, sobre la Isla de S.a Maria, 18 de Febrero de 93." A Sight in Camp (1862) By Walt Whitman, 178. According to the journal of his voyage, on February 14, Columbus was caught in a storm off the Azores islands. This succeeded admirably; for in a short time we understood them and they us both by gesture and signs and words; and they were of great service to us. Naturally, he needed to let them know that he actually arrived and was able to give back to Spain. The Journal of Christopher Columbus is the day to day journal/diary writing of Christopher Columbus. As noted earlier, on his second voyage, Columbus had enslaved natives, but this was not particularly lucrative, and Queen Isabella rejected the idea because she considered the native peoples her subjects. Columbus returned to Hispaniola, where he found the fort he left behind in ruins and with no survivors. As a result, Varnhagen originally conjectured this may very well have been the original Spanish copy that was translated by Leander de Cosco into Latin, and found its way to Rome. It was one world, ready or not. Reconciliation (1867) By Walt Whitman, 181. XIV in Navarrete (1825: vol. In other words, all the printed editions, Spanish and Latin, derive from the same Spanish letter to Luis de Santangel,. [18] The Copiador version also mentions other points of personal friction not contained in the printed editions, e.g. [42] The Copiador version has some very distinctive differences from the printed editions. The Latin letter to Gabriel Sanchez, either the first or second Roman editions, was translated into Italian ottava rima by Giuliano Dati, a popular poet of the time, at the request of Giovanni Filippo dal Legname, secretary to Ferdinand II. Columbus not only encountered America, but he did so in an 'official' capacity, on behalf of Queen Isabella of Spain. [46] Perhaps not coincidentally, another of the persons implicated in the conspiracy was the uncle of Leander Cosco, the Latin translator of Columbus's letter to Sanchez, who may himself have been a relative to the Sanchez clan. The Spanish historian Martn Fernndez de Navarrete was the first to definitively find a copy of the Spanish letter in the royal archives of Simancas and to identify Luis de Santangel as the recipient. For a copy of the Dati verse, see R.H. Major, (1848: For a fascimile of the 1505 edition of Vespucci's letter to Soderini published by Pacini, see B. Quaritch, Arran Mrquez (2006: p. 44); Diaz-Trechuelo (2006: p. 47), Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 18:18, "The Letter of Columbus on the Discovery of America", "This college donation is truly historic. However, Columbus proclaims disbelief in the existence of these "monsters", or rather suggests this is likely just a local Indian myth pertaining to some distant Indian seafaring tribe who are probably not unlike themselves ("I regard them as of no more account than the others", "yo no los tengo en nada mas que a los otros"). What was Christopher Columbus first New World discovery? Columbuss Letter on the First Voyage: Analysis. In the printed editions (albeit not in the Copiador version) Columbus notes that he tried to prevent his own sailors from exploiting the Indians' navet, and that he even gave away things of value, like cloth, to the natives as gifts, in order to make them well-disposed "so that they might be made Christians and incline full of love and service towards Our Highnesses and all the Castilian nation". Marco Polo's Travel Routes & Exploration | What Did Marco Polo Discover? He wants the King and Queen to know that Spain is leaving a mark with these people and that they will always be remembered. These provinces extend 180 miles, as I learned from the Indians, whom I am bringing with me, and who are well acquainted with all these islands. One of Gabriel's nephews, also named Juan Sanchez, would later (1502) become the agent of the Aragon treasury in Seville and a contractor of supplies for the Hispaniola colonies. Almost immediately after Columbus's arrival in Spain, printed versions of the letter began to appear. Analysis of Columbuss Letter on the First Voyage. The date (February 18) and the identification of the Azores island of Santa Maria (rather than the Canaries) are anomalies not normally found in other editions of the Letter to Santangel. [13] The island of women reportedly abounds in copper, which the warrior-women forge into weapons and shields. Preface to The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America, 32. While the people of the islands are intelligent and have knowledge of weapons, Columbus proposes that they would be no match for his men whom he has left at a fort. veinte instead of xxxiii), but most of the spellings are in proper Castilian, although it is uncertain how much of this was in the original, and how much was massaged by Gonzalez or Navarrete in their transcriptions. Columbus reports he also left behind a caravelevidently covering up the loss of his flagship, the Santa Mara. [6] A manuscript copy of the letter to the Catholic monarchs, found in 1985, remained unprinted until recently. Columbus' second voyage was the longest of his four, and the most ambitious. If authentic, this letter practically solves the "Sanchez problem": it confirms that the Latin letter to Gabriel Sanchez is not a translation of the letter that the Spanish codicil said Columbus sent to the Monarchs, and strongly suggests that the Sanchez letter is just a Latin translation of the letter Columbus sent to Luis de Santangel. When Columbus arrived back in Spain on March 15, 1493, he immediately wrote a letter announcing his discoveries to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who had helped finance his trip. ); Jane (1930: p. 3435). One of the most renowned explorers of the 15 th century was Christopher Columbus. A slightly different version of Columbus's letter, in manuscript form, addressed to the Catholic monarchs of Spain, was found in 1985, part of the Libro Copiador collection, and has led to some revision of the history of the Columbus letter. On his third attempt, in another bull also called Inter caetera, written in the summer and backdated to May 4, 1493, the Pope once again confirmed the Spanish claim on the Indies more explicitly with a longitude line of demarcation granting all lands 100 leagues west of Cape Verde (not merely those discovered by "her envoys") as the exclusive dominion of the Crown of Castile (with no explicit safeguards for prior Portuguese treaties or grants).

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