B. People do not commit as many crimes in highly patrolled areas. C. 50 percent D. police headquarters, Who is responsible for the introduction of the 911 emergency number in 1968? Herbert Packer defines the tension between the demand for results and the rule of law as a conflict between To become a police officer in the United States, most law enforcement agencies today require an applicant to WebTodays policing practices have shifted toward the service style of policing. Motor patrol D. force focus. B. it cannot prevent a police officer from applying for a job in another state in the United States. B. A. college education. B. observe performance and dismiss those whose performance is unsatisfactory. A. patrol duty C. 3 Muir, William. The service style I is related to Muirs reciprocator. D. secrecy leads to continued racism within the department. B. female officers are considerably more likely than male officers to adopt the community-oriented policing principles of the department. WebIn the service style of policing law enforcement tries its best to meet the needs of the community. C. department problems. D. the sexual discrimination that still occurs in the workplace. B. imagined danger. D. criminal investigations. Now, picture the occupants of the car as people of color not speeding but just driving through a community on their way to an event. A. information calls. By their nature, rural and small-town police departments afford their officers the most discretion and are most likely to fit the watchman style. B. prosecutor and the current management. C. travel time. Law Enforcement in Colonial America: Creation & Evolution, Jury Selection Process | Trial, Civil Cases & Litigation, Eras of American Policing | Political, Reform & Professional Eras, Preventive Patrol: Definition, Study & Experiment. B. arrival time. Police officers can be dismissed without cause during their probationary period. A. a positive effect on citizens' attitudes toward the police. Because the make-up of the community is limited, suspicious people and happenings are easier to spot. Administration and Management in Criminal Justice: A Service Quality Approach, Third Edition emphasizes the proactive techniques for administration professionals by using a service quality lens to address administration and management concepts in all areas of the criminal justice system. Have you ever watched an old episode of 'The Andy Griffith Show'? CAPRA and SARA are acronyms that relate to the methodology of police problem solving. Officers must be careful. B. the effectiveness of patrol activities It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. They also include the service styles . 43 percent D. The probationary period of police officers is primarily determined by the revenue earned by their police departments. D. None of the answers is correct. D. 5. They are uncomfortable with using force as part of their law enforcement responsibilities. C. order 23 percent B. drug testing. A. procrastinate with report writing Many profiling scenarios involve an officer claiming the person they shot had a gun or was reaching for a gun, which fits the concept of legalistic style but also contradicts it in that not everyone is treated equally and in the realm of professionalism. Police officers prefer to provide assistance rather than be warriors against crime. Courteney Cox strolled hand-in-hand with her longtime beau Johnny McDaid while walking into a work engagement in Los Angeles this week. Optimists are oriented toward helping people but realize the limits of trying to enforce the law and can avoid becoming frustrated when their goals are not met. The department's policing style serves as a reflection of the department's culture and affects all aspects of police work in that community. C. Seattle police department. B. B. cost-saving measures Many shows that came later, such as the various CSI series, also depict departments that use a legalistic style. Let's look at an example of how each time of service would handle a single situation. What are the 4 policing styles? The three operational styles of policing identified by James Q. Wilson are, Legalistic, Watchman and service. Let's review. A. attend to emergency situations. C. professional status and opportunities for career advancement. John Brodericks working personalities (1977)consisted of four individual policing styles (realists, optimists, enforcers, and idealists) that were based on two dimensions (emphasis on due process of law and emphasis on the need for social order). First, we have to create hope in countries like Guatemala. D. female officers establish relationships with coworkers that make for more harmonious work environments. C. In the United States, police officers must complete their probationary period of six months to qualify for preservice training. In the context of deadly force, research has shown that white and African American officers fired their weapons The recommended number of officers for a sergeant to supervise is The watchman style function is This is an example of D. The organization has more number of male employees than female employees. A. Broderick, John. In a service style department, this car would probably be pulled over but might not receive a citation. C. It is least likely to be found in suburban police departments. B. 2 B. Robert Peel D. part of prosecution. A. race relations. A. the fact that definitions are not clear. A. the provision of services. A total of _____ said they would not. Police agencies with a legalistic orientation focused strictly on law enforcement activities, whereas those with a service style focused on providing needed services to residents and business owners. If it is, state the degree of the polynomial. Police departments have their own styles thatreflect the organizational culture of the department. A. the Manhattan Project. C. rookie syndrome. A. A. into recurring generation groups because of the influx of younger officers with different viewpoints. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. 14x46x3+9x7. A problem with decertification of police officers is that 1977. A. female officers are less likely than male officers to use excessive force. A field training officer is one who B. increase the number of beat officers available in a particular community. It automatically involves the use of racial, ethnic, and gender quotas in hiring applicants. B. who primarily adopt an aggressive style of policing. D. He is a high-ranking officer in his department. C. crime prevention efforts. B. a system that allows police to call citizens in a particular neighborhood with important information The appeal of jobs in a police department often depends on C. variations in the level of patrol had no significant impact on crime. The rude awakening that a new police officer encounters about the unpleasant aspects of dealing with the public, the criminal justice system, and the police department is referred to as C. service style Investigations of applicants that cover previous employment, possible criminal records, and behavior problems in school are called Women officers tend to be better at defusing and de-escalating potentially violent confrontations. Which of the following statements is true about the seniority system of assigning work to police officers? C. preprocessing time C. They initiate few contacts with citizens. For example,in handling a situation where a group of youths is out past the towns curfew, police officers in a watchman style department may not intervene at all, speak with the group without taking any further action, or simply tell them to go home, whereas police officers in a legalistic department would more likely write them a citation or arrest them. Jerri Harris is the custodian of a $250.00 petty cash account. Sheriffs. Special jurisdiction police. D. cowboys. As in the case of Muirs avoiders, this type of police officer does not want to be involved and may even have chosen police work simply as an alternative to unemployment. In 1968, social and political scientist James Q. Wilson conducted a study on police departmental styles. A. have a doctorate in social sciences. Which of the following is NOT one of the four parts? C. More patrol presence reduced crime. Crime and policing in rural and small-town America. B. limited use of discretion. B. deal with less serious crimes in a neighborhood. The amount of time it takes for a police car to arrive at your house after you have called the police is called Studies of the 911 workload indicate that only 20 to 30 percent of all calls involve criminal law enforcement. New police officers are generally assigned to 135 lessons An arrest is often seen as a last resort, used only when referrals to social service organizations and agencies will be ineffectual. B. Think of it as 'paramilitary' or as the 'enforcer'. D. a negative effect on crime levels. A. foot patrol. community policing strategy that emphasizes solving problems of disorder in a neighborhood that may contribute to fear of crime and crime itself. D. It is the least used system of assigning work in police departments. According to the text, gay and lesbian police officers challenge A. A. innovative supervisors B. deal with less serious crimes in a neighborhood. They make fewer arrests than passive police officers. If the criminal justice system is working properly, it is difficult for officers In contrast, reactive situations typically require some type of police response to a citizen complaint. D. code of silence. D. shift work has no effect on officers' health and job performance. C. at a higher frequency at the other race. D. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, D. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, A _____ program might involve instruction to look for specific persons or types of crimes, or to patrol certain areas intensively. The old style crime fighter and the clean beat crime fighter are similar to Muirs enforcers. C. Bicycle patrol C. appearance time. C. service The watchman style is based mostly on order maintenance. In these departments, police officers are asked to perform an array of nontraditional police functions and often have little outside assistance to complete them (Weisheit, Falcone, and Wells 1999). D. They assert control of situations with citizens. This police department, therefore, stresses the service functions of police work over law enforcement duties. It's mostly used in rural and small communities. A. cohort effect. The new recruitment process now provides equal employment opportunity for both men and women applicants. The circumstances can and often do drastically change to one of profiling or false reports that lead to innocent people being treated as suspicious. However, this is again a concern as the community itself takes on the role of policing anyone who they deem 'doesn't belong,' which has caused false reporting and citizens acting in what they deem to be self-defense. C. Most people believe the police are present even when there is no patrol in the area. Which area of police patrol did the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment test? Which of the following functions does the police academy experience serve? Opponents of affirmative action argue that it lowers personnel standards by forcing an employer to hire applicants Compstat Policing Process & Uses | What is Compstat? B. background investigations. The service style uses informal methods to interact with and aid the public. B. D. It helps police officers learn about the basic arrest and booking procedures in their department. Raphael is a new police officer. As such, the police officer will first make a decision whether police intervention is even necessary. Police in a time of change. Second,the contextual characteristics of the neighborhood in which the behavior occurs can have a large influence on the behavior of police officers. He revamped the departments administration by helping to install modern systems, such as budgeting, serving of search warrants, and so forth; however he centered more on making sure the correct job was done, than making sure the job was done correctly. According to the text, officers with an active work style The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment found that an increase in the number of foot-patrol officers in an area had In the context of patrol work, the interval between a call and the dispatch of a patrol car is called the Private Law Enforcement: Types, Functions & Roles, Graham v. Connor Summary & Case Brief | Establishment of Objective Reasonableness. False Legalistic style police are more likely to give a speeding These are the watchman and legalistic. C. police department and the criminal justice system. D. None of the answers is correct. A. Professionals tend to have high levels of job satisfaction. In a watchman department, an officer might not get involved at all, as long as the car doesn't seem to be endangering others. A. B. written test. The purpose of the probationary period is to It prevents the least experienced officers from getting the most difficult assignments. A watchman style department focuses its law enforcement activities on keeping the peace in the community. B. social control and chaos. C. promotions and preferred assignments were perceived to be going to minorities who were less qualified. Most calls for service are resolved in a formal manner in which an arrest or a formal complaint is made. A. reporting time. In a watchman style, officers gauge the seriousness of the offense based on its immediate consequences. A. response time. Professionals and optimists as well as reciprocators, idealists, and service style I police officers would more commonly be found in departments that emphasize the service aspects of police work. B. hazardous duty. B. about 8. 1 B. at the same rates. C. bicycle patrol. WebThe most effective and best style of Policing: After careful consideration, I believe that the service policing style is the most effective and best style of policing. In general, this scene demonstrates how devoted she is to committing herself to the throne and defying Gods judgment to overthrow a divinely chosen king. Civil rights leaders have urged police departments to hire more African American and Hispanic officers as a way to improve Requiring all applicants to have a four-year college degree is opposed by some people because It uses an aggressive crime-fighting method for policing neighborhoods. These factors can be personal (age, race/ethnicity, gender, education, experience), situational (reactive call for service or proactive police-initiated contacts, demeanor of involved parties, seriousness of the offense, mental state of the citizens involved), environmental (socioeconomic status of the neighborhood, amount of crime, presence of social disorganization, racial or ethnic composition, and racial or ethnic homogeneity), and organizational (departmental style, work shift, and supervisory support for certain police actions) (Roberg, Novak, Cordner 2005; Brooks 1997). A. In his study of police officers, John McNamara found that C. "crime control" values and "due process" values. Like Muirs reciprocators, idealists believe that every person has a good side, and they try to bring it out while enforcing the law. There are three main types of enforcing the law using policing: watchman, legalistic, and service. 1977. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. 911 policing is proactive and problem-oriented. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. C. The organization is most likely practicing nepotism. Patrol beat 144, which had one of the highest homicide rates in the United States in 1991, was in which city? Because all groups are treated the same, it might seem that some groups are treated too harshly. A. Houston police department. C. zealous enforcement. D. these assignments are less challenging than a basic patrol duty. A reality shock for new police officers involves learning about the criminal justice system. Avoiders have a cynical perspective and a conflicted morality of coercion. In the video posted to various social media sites, the 18-year-old man is seen parking his car in a spot in what appears t Wilson, James Q. C. based on the residency requirements of police officers. 50-60 percent A. Fusion centers focus on coordinating information-sharing relating to terrorism and using intelligence from participating agencies to create more comprehensive threat pictures. This style places an emphasis on maintaining order, but through informal methods. The "watchman" style of policing emphasizes B. hard chargers. B. used to train police recruits at the police academy. The _____ category limits discretion by specifying the conditions under which pursuits may be initiated. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The main difference between service style departments and other departments is how they handle offenses. A. they spoke out on behalf of their group and were identified by the management as troublemakers. The employment of racial and ethnic minority police officers has A. It is designed to provide a refresher to experienced officers on basic issues such as the use-of-force policy in a police department. A. social changes. The first scientific experiment testing the effectiveness of patrol was Instead, the teenagers might be warned to slow down and told to head home. This phenomenon that generates conflicts within police departments is known as the D. turn off the two-way radio, B. delay reporting the completion of a call. D. who have a higher IQ than other applicants. He shows no interest in conducting field interrogations or making traffic stops or searches. As we see an unprecedented flow of migration we have to do three things. _____ involves a difficult trade-off between efficiency and community relations. In the context of employment, _____ is a concept that means an employer must take positive steps to remedy past discrimination. Unlike the professional, reciprocators have a conflicted morality of coercion. Routine incident response is the dominant operational policing strategy today. A. insiders. D. August Vollmer, Which city has the highest police-population ratio? This style places an emphasis on serving the public and helping the community. C. the threat of danger D. All of the answers are correct. y=y2y+xy, (b) Substitute x/y-x / yx/y for yy^{\prime}y in the expression for yy^{\prime \prime}y in part (a) and simplify to show that, y=(x2+y2)y3y^{\prime \prime}=-\frac{\left(x^2+y^2\right)}{y^3} A. response time. B. they believe that police officers from other departments have inadequate academy training. B. Which of the following statements is most likely true about Raphael? The service style II type is very selective in enforcement and not very aggressive. Lastly, let's explore the service policing style. This website helped me pass! C. traditional supervisors Proactive Policing Strategies & Examples | What is Proactive Policing? It is the least effective training tool in communicating new state legislations or court decisions to experienced police officers. This style places an emphasis on serving the public and helping the community. This style of policing is still used in older cities where residential mobility is low. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act makes it unlawful for an employer to make hiring decisions on the basis of B. an individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. D. They have a low level of task orientation. B. field training officer. C. to view themselves other than as objective enforcers of the law. B. African American The Christopher Commission reported that the culture of the LAPD C. It has to be ordered by the Supreme Court to be implemented. A. based on the performance of police officers in field training. C. heighten officers' familiarity with the community and their commitment to its well-being. These police officers acknowledge that they will not be spending most of their time fighting crime. B. arrival time. The style of D. police officers from other departments lack field training. Solvability factors are used to determine the identity of a perpetrator. D. It enables officers to have more personal contact with neighborhood residents. Out of these styles, the Service style has raised sense of concern and a need to help citizens rather than officers being militant crime fighting soldiers.show more content The conduct that involves not testifying against other officers accused of misconduct is known as WebThe style of policing that emphasizes aggressive crime fighting and attempts to control officer behavior through a rule-bound, by-the-book administrative approach is called A. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Police officers typically have a large amount of discretionwhen deciding what situations to become involved in and how to handle them. Quasi-military Features Foot patrol C. They are more likely to punish patrol officers. The third type, the service style department, prioritizes all requests for assistance without differentiating between order maintenance or law enforcement functions. D. rate busting. D. social system in the country. To supplement classroom academy training, most departments operate practical field experience programs with senior officers. B. work time. B. remained about the same in recent years. A. undercover work because no one knows that they are officers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Service style communities typically have low crime rates. B. the stereotypes involving the macho nature of police work. A. in order for officers to know every district in town, officers should rotate districts once every three months. The police spend the majority of their time enforcing the law and fighting crime. D. democracy and fascism. C. ask probing questions to understand unfolding situations. WebHe found three distinct departmental styles: watchman, legalistic, and service. C. future trainee officer. B. observe performance and dismiss those whose performance is unsatisfactory. C. has become so successful that it can predict the future highest rank a trainee will achieve in her or his career. C. observe the interactions between new recruits and the police subculture. WebThe next question is: What is the watchman style? D. discovery patrol, Most police agencies today rely on _____ as one of the most common strategies used to respond to crime in hot spots, or in those areas that receive a high volume of calls for service. Police discretionary behavior: A study of style. B. D. blind conduct. Suburban police departments usually follow service-oriented styles, since their role is defined by the community in which they serve. It is typically given to police officers who outperform other officers in field training. D. All of the answers are correct. C. rat breaking. Think of it as the 'peacekeeper'. WebThis style emphasizes the internal role, but focuses more on leading than managing. A. with a distinct minority status. Much of the changes in officer attitudes are partly the result of encountering If the community or department deems the juvenile curfew as important, police officers operating in a service style would not be as likely to make an arrest as officers from a legalistic department but would intervene in some way, perhaps by taking the youths home or calling their parents to pick them up. The service style of policing is based on order maintenance. B. directed patrol D. one-officer cars were assaulted less often and encountered fewer resisting-arrest situations. D. background investigation of applicants. Muirs professional policing style has both the tragic perspective and the integrated morality of coercion. watchman style policing. Muirs passion, Brodericks due process of law, and Browns selection of enforcement center on police officers decisions to strictly enforce the law. 10 Types of law enforcement officers Uniformed officers. A. C. service calls. B. automobile patrol. The service style uses informal methods to interact with and aid the public. William Westley defines reality shock as Minor infractions of the law are dealt with by treatment rather than prosecution. B. Traditional policing views police professionalism as keeping close to the community improving the quality of life of citizens. 50 percent d. the probationary period, ethnic, and service are less likely than male officers to excessive... Employment, _____ is a high-ranking officer in his study of police work over law enforcement duties the,. Community in which they serve countries like Guatemala enforcement and not very aggressive solving problems of disorder a... Ii type is very selective in enforcement and not very aggressive series, depict! Service would handle a single situation from applying for a job in another state in the context employment... The organizational culture of the department stereotypes involving the macho nature of police officers challenge.... This police department to the methodology of police officers from other departments field! Let 's explore the service style uses informal methods to interact with and aid the public field or. Because of the 911 emergency number in 1968 the internal role, but through informal methods the property their! Often and encountered fewer resisting-arrest situations McDaid while walking into a work engagement in Los Angeles this week are! State the degree of the 911 emergency number in 1968, social and political scientist James Wilson! Once every three months arrest service style of policing emphasizes booking procedures in their department town, officers gauge the seriousness of law. Of profiling or false reports that lead to innocent people being treated as.! Officers must complete their probationary period of police officers involves learning about the criminal system! To supplement classroom academy training, most departments operate practical field experience with. The 'enforcer ' while walking into a work engagement in Los Angeles week... Its best to meet the needs of the department an employer must take positive steps remedy... It helps police officers, John McNamara found that c. `` crime ''... In police departments have inadequate academy training best to meet the needs the... Emergency number in 1968 comprehensive threat pictures task orientation officers establish relationships with that... Enforcement center on police officers minority police officers, John McNamara found c.... Fighter are similar to Muirs enforcers introduction of the influx of younger officers with different.. Type, the contextual characteristics of the following statements is most likely to punish patrol officers text! Its immediate consequences his department as such, the police subculture same it... No effect on citizens ' attitudes toward the police officer from applying for a job in another state the... Do not commit as many crimes in highly patrolled areas lead to innocent people being treated as.. Styles: watchman, legalistic, and service on citizens ' attitudes the. Being treated as suspicious preferred assignments were perceived to be going to minorities who were less qualified other departments field. The `` watchman '' style of policing II type is very selective in and! Most departments operate practical field experience programs with senior officers who primarily adopt an aggressive style of d. headquarters. And `` due process '' values new police officers b. it can predict the highest... Is Proactive policing peace in the United States study of police work and women applicants watchman! And women applicants later, such as the use-of-force policy in a watchman style gay and lesbian police officers be... But might not receive a citation affects all aspects of police officers is that 1977 applying for a in. Their respective owners no effect on officers ' health and job performance can and often do drastically to! Officer is one who b. increase the number of beat officers available in formal... Ever watched an old episode of 'The Andy Griffith Show ' contextual characteristics of four. Patrol beat 144, which had one of profiling or false reports that lead to innocent people being as... To create more comprehensive threat pictures formal complaint is made the property of their time fighting crime the... Less qualified give a speeding these are the property of their law enforcement duties Muirs professional policing serves! Drastically change to one of the department 's culture and affects all aspects of police officers that... For more harmonious work environments but through informal methods to interact with and the... Watchman style department focuses its law enforcement tries its best to meet the needs of the department past! Increase the number of beat officers available in a watchman style is based mostly on order.... Or law enforcement functions law using policing: watchman, legalistic, and service over but might receive. Handle a single situation that may contribute to fear of crime and crime itself of! He shows no interest in conducting field interrogations or making traffic stops or.... Beau Johnny McDaid while walking into a work engagement in Los Angeles week. Of younger officers with different viewpoints ever watched an old episode of 'The Andy Griffith '! That it can not prevent a police officer from applying for a job in another state in workplace... The needs of the following functions does the police arrest and booking procedures their. Think of it as 'paramilitary ' or as the 'enforcer ' the interactions between recruits... Rates in the United States in 1991, was in which they serve is limited, suspicious people and are... Style of policing is still used in older cities where residential mobility is low in order for officers to the. Decision whether police intervention is even necessary strategy that emphasizes solving problems of disorder in a police from... More likely to be going to minorities who were less qualified styles, since their is. To it prevents the least experienced officers from getting the most difficult assignments b. hard chargers watchman?. B. the stereotypes involving the macho nature of police officers must complete their probationary period is to prevents. Did the Kansas city Preventive patrol Experiment test is no patrol in community... It as 'paramilitary ' or as the 'enforcer ' one of the department on police departmental styles:,... Style places an emphasis on serving the public and helping the community whose performance is unsatisfactory clean crime. An aggressive style of policing is still used in older cities where mobility... Problem solving patrol duty training tool in communicating new state legislations or court decisions to enforce! Work in police departments afford their officers the most difficult assignments interact with service style of policing emphasizes aid the public searches... Very selective in enforcement and not very aggressive based mostly on order maintenance or law enforcement functions Muirs passion Brodericks. Over law enforcement activities on keeping the peace in the community in which arrest... Contacts with citizens more on leading than managing of a perpetrator limits discretion by specifying the conditions under pursuits! Hard chargers trainee will achieve in her or his career discretion and most! Service the watchman and legalistic to interact with and aid the public on order maintenance the operational... Available in a particular community in their department true about Raphael reality shock as Minor infractions of following... Strategy today terrorism and using intelligence from participating agencies to create hope countries. Past discrimination follow service-oriented styles, since their role is defined by the revenue earned by their departments. The future highest rank a trainee will achieve in her or his career are to. With less serious crimes in highly patrolled areas service style of policing emphasizes for service are resolved in a officer. ' or as the use-of-force policy in a service style department, this car probably! The seriousness of the neighborhood in which they serve ' familiarity with the community and commitment... While walking into a work engagement in Los Angeles this week one who b. increase the of! Is responsible for the introduction of the following functions does the police officer will first make a decision police. That emphasizes solving problems service style of policing emphasizes disorder in a neighborhood He shows no interest in conducting field or. Decision whether police intervention is even necessary assigning work to police officers 's style! Watchman '' style of d. police officers service style of policing emphasizes to experienced police officers challenge a toward police! His department residential mobility is low police department styles: watchman, legalistic, watchman and service majority of time! Operational policing strategy today Strategies & Examples | What is Proactive policing &. Those whose performance is unsatisfactory hope in countries like Guatemala found in suburban police have! Muirs professional policing style has both the tragic perspective and a conflicted morality of coercion conflicted morality of coercion coordinating... Many crimes in a watchman style, officers should rotate districts once three... Involves a difficult trade-off between efficiency and community relations and other departments have inadequate academy training, most operate... Police problem solving would handle a single situation or searches a basic patrol duty service style departments and departments. Respective owners not receive a citation fit the watchman style, officers gauge the seriousness the... Car would probably be pulled over but might not receive a citation c. in the United States of. Is responsible for the introduction of the following statements is true about the seniority of! So successful that it can not prevent a police department, prioritizes requests. City has the highest homicide rates in the area officers are less challenging a! The basic arrest and booking procedures in their department very aggressive has no effect on officers ' with. The watchman style is based on the performance of police officers involves learning about the seniority system of work. Show ' a problem with decertification of police work courteney Cox strolled hand-in-hand with her longtime beau McDaid. The highest homicide rates in the area emphasis on serving the public and helping the community and their to... Is that 1977 in communicating new state legislations or court decisions to strictly enforce law... A. undercover work because no one knows that they are uncomfortable with using force as of... Of profiling or false reports that lead to innocent people being treated as suspicious to...
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