In Zubik v. Burwell, which the Court returned last year to lower courts with instructions to seek compromise, some religiously affiliated institutions claim an exemption because, for them, a particular governmental directive authorized by the ACA means complicity with insurance coverage for contraception, which they oppose. As a pediatrician, she calls herself "auntie" within the families she serves. Photo Credit: Nicholas Eckhart/Flickr via Compfight (cc), Undergraduate Program in Religious Studies. This blog post is published and posted online by the School of Government to address issues of interest to government officials. It's a bit complicated. info@eeoc.gov Lisowski B, Yuvan S, Bier M. Outbreaks of the measles in the Dutch Bible Belt and in other places - New prospects for a 1000 year old virus. The written claim for a religious exemption from vaccination should expressly state the specific reasons why an exemption is being sought. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. hardship (more than a minimal burden on operation of the business). It asks whether the employees religious belief derives from an organized religion and if so, asks the employee to identify that religion and when the employee began to practice it and where. Frequently Asked Questions, What You Should Know: Workplace Religious Accommodation. That cell line descended from an original fetal cell line acquired in the Netherlands in 1973 it is unknown whether the cells became available as the result of an elective abortion or a spontaneous miscarriage. What the worlds religions teach, applied to vaccines and immune globulins. No other cell in the body has the natural ability to generate new cell types. New York declares measles emergency, requiring vaccinations in parts of Brooklyn. They then return home and infect family members and other people in their church congregation who are also anti-vaccine, too young to be vaccinated, or who have a medical contraindication to getting vaccinated. Hinduism and Islam have no prohibitions against vaccination. Intimidation as a defense. This includes objections that invoke religious beliefs in general terms, but upon further scrutiny, appeal to other factors. In religious exemption cases, . Vaccines save millions of lives each year. An employer is allowed to ask more detailed questions about the belief, how it relates to other forms of vaccination and about the employees history of vaccinations. This technical assistance document was issued upon approval of the Chair of the U.S. 2022 American Bar Association, all rights reserved. If they do, don't assume exemption requests will be approved. 1-844-234-5122 (ASL Video Phone), Call 1-800-669-4000 This means an employer may be required to make reasonable adjustments to the work environment that will allow an employee to practice his or her religion. Dr. Iannelli has cared for children for more than 20 years. For some Muslim fundamentalists, for example, opposition to the polio vaccine in Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan has had much more to do with social and political issues, rather than theological issues. Given this account, neither Hobby Lobby v. Burell nor Zubik v. Burell includes a claim fit for a free exercise exemption. National Conference of State Legislatures. For example, some of the exemption statements cite the Second Vatican Council's words from Gaudium et Spes, that conscience is our "most secret core and sanctuary." They fail to include the . The Court's ruling in the case, Gateway City Church v. Newsom, blocked a county-level ban on church services . But not only them. Employers are encouraged to engage in an interactive process with employees who submit medical or religious exemption requests with respect to flu vaccine requirements and consult counsel prior to taking any adverse employment actions on the basis of an employee's submission of an insufficient medical or . Law in Public Health Practice. The claim should also disclose whether the religious practices or beliefs claimed would also prevent the person from being tested for the disease or from having to wear a mask to protect others. Whats distinctive to religious practices is the kind of cultivation they require. Some points can help determine whether a religious belief is sincerely held or just recently invented and thus not worthy of recognition. Background . https://canons.sog.unc.edu/2021/10/an-in-depth-look-at-religious-exemptions-from-covid-19-vaccine-mandates/. For more detailed discussion, see here, here and here. This month, Pope Francis said getting the vaccine is a "moral obligation.". Instead, vaccine refusal was attributed to a combination of personal religious beliefs and safety concerns among a subgroup of church members.". Catholic Digest. J Vaccines Vaccin. This cell line descends from original fetal retinal cells obtained from an abortion performed in 1985. In particular, the basis of his refusal of the flu vaccinehis concern that the flu vaccine may do more harm than goodis a medical belief, not a religious one. Rather, the drivers for evangelical resistance are nonreligious and are rooted in deep-seated suspicion of government and vulnerability to misinformation. 212-854-2284. Claims for an exemption are improper unless the activity in question is prescribed only for adherents of a given comprehensive belief. "We have to remember what exemptions are in nature a compromise or second vest because the government wants to protect the safety and well-being of the community with general rules to coordinate behavior. Exemption based on religion is one of several reasons parents can claim to avoid giving their children vaccines in certain states. States may have different definitions of undue hardship. Nonprofits are handling the exemption requests in varying ways. 1999;282(1):47. doi:10.1001/jama.282.1.47. It's time to renew your membership and keep access to free CLE, valuable publications and more. By not asking whether an employee used a specific medication and merely asking for an attestation that they did not use any of the listed products, Conway Regional avoided making a medical inquiry that would be prohibited under the ADA. A circuit court ruled the same day that 15 New York City public school teachers and administrators must have their COVID-19 religious exemption requests reconsidered because of a potential . KCRA News reports that after Sunday services last week, there were long lines of people waiting to pick up exemption letters from Destiny Christian Church in Rocklin, led . Instead, I argue, the relevant question asks what kind of religious activities qualify for exemption. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's template is the same one the agency uses for its own . 1. . For employees who answer no, that their religious does not derive from an organized religion, UPenn asks three more questions: Employees who answer yes to any of the three questions above, are asked to explain. Employers may want to consider this approach if they think that a significant percentage of those asking for a religious exemption are not sincere but are motivated instead by personal or political considerations. Any dissent from a generally applicable law might then be grounds for a claim to exemption. But as of January 2022, more than 9 billion vaccine doses have been administered globally (9,118,223,397 vaccine doses administered as of January 5, 2022). In this vaccine, the fetal cells are used to produce the adenovirus that carries the coronavirus DNA into the vaccine recipients cells to induce an immune response. For example, the Eighth Circuit . And the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahis of the United States urges followers to adhere scrupulously to public health guidelines that have been established in their state including protocols for . The Role of Stem Cells in Medical Research and Drug Development. If something about a religious exemption request seems off for example, if an employee already tried to get out of vaccination for nonreligious reasons the employer can perform a . Judaism supports vaccinations to protect life and health. As the National Institute of Health and the Mayo Clinic explain, embryonic or fetal stem cells are ideal for medical research because they can divide and renew themselves over a long time. 8.First injection of genetically modified polynucleotides in the general population. To browse a complete catalog of School of Government publications, please visit the Schools website at www.sog.unc.edu or contact the Bookstore, School of Government, CB# 3330 Knapp-Sanders Building, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3330; e-mail sales@sog.unc.edu; telephone 919.966.4119; or fax 919.962.2707. We suggest following whatever protocol is outlined by your employer. Since the advent of the COVID-19 vaccines early in 2021, potential religious exemptions to mandatory vaccine requirements have been a challenging legal issue and focus of debate. Find your nearest EEOC office doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy130, Spaan DH, Ruijs WLM, Hautvast JLA, Tostmann A. 2017;27(3):524-530. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckw248. The Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines used cells from a fetal cell line in the development and testing of the vaccines. That proliferation means that employers may find it necessary to delve into requests for religious accommodations more deeply than they ordinarily would. Moreover, the real issue is not whether some religious adherents assert this; in fact, any law can be said to deny a religious belief. While some objections based on the connection between fetal cells and COVID-19 vaccines will be bona fide and exemptions will . Copyright 2009 to Present School of Government at the University of North Carolina. Among the few religions with an absolute objection to vaccines include: Except in Mississippi and West Virginia, members of these churches and other people who have religious beliefs against immunizations can be exempted from school immunization requirements. 2015;1. doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.b497624d7043b1aecfbfd3dfda3e344a. That law mandates employers give their employees "reasonable accommodation" for their faiths. To fall within Title VIIs protection, an employees religious objection to the use of fetal cells in the COVID-19 vaccines must be consistent with their practices with respect to other vaccines whose development has involved the use of fetal stem cells. Greg Gianforte urged health care workers to "consider using the religious and medical exemption processes that your employers are required to offer," attaching a sample form for . Matthew Hatcher / SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images. 6.First vaccine to make no clear claims about reducing infections, transmissibility, or deaths. Are there any formal and external signs related to your religious belief, similar to the forms and external signs used by traditional religions for example, formal services, ceremonies, teachers/leaders/clergy, structure and organization, observation of holidays, symbols or objects, clothing/religious garb, etc.. Covid Shot Religious Exemption Template Provided to Employers. Step 2: Wait for approval or denial of the religious exemption. The same survey from PRRI showed that only 10% (that's 1 in 10) Americans believe their religion doesn't allow the COVID-19 vaccine. This document is intended only to provide clarity to the public regarding existing requirements under the law or agency policies. One possible accommodation would be exemption from the vaccination requirement, although other accommodations are possible, as discussed below. Accordingly, I request exemption from the COVID-19 vaccine requirement imposed pursuant to CMS's Medicare and Medicaid Programs: Omnibus COVID-19 Health Care Staff Vaccination. Religious exemptions are carved out under the federal Civil Rights Act signed into law in 1964. The Pope has said, Thanks to Gods grace and the work of many, we now have vaccines to protect us against COVID-19 . Churches in California and North Carolina are among those now offering congregants documentation for "religious exemptions" to the COVID-19 vaccine, a practice that is legally dubious and likely ineffective, according to labor lawyers.. Today, vaccine exemptions fall into three main categories: Although some people in religious groups cluster and refuse vaccination, they are often actually claiming personal-belief exemptions and not true religious exemptions. It would be reasonable for an employer to inquire into whether an employee requesting a religious exemption took other vaccines that used fetal cell lines or allowed their children to do so. Noah Feldman. A religious exemption request form need not be complex. For example, Minnesota . But many allow for individuals to make their own choices when it comes to vaccination, such as the Christian Science church and the Dutch Reformed Church (see here and here). Several vaccines for COVID-19 are available, although they are not distributed fairly around the globe. Several cases of Hib disease, including an unvaccinated 7-month-old who died in Minnesota in 2008 and at least three unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated children in Pennsylvania who died in 2009. Here are the four tips Reiss shared: -. "For example, if someone applies for a religious exemption based on the belief that 'my body is a temple,' yet they are a smoker and have significant tattoos all over their bodies, there is . The Church of Christ, Scientist, for its part, teaches that disease can be prevented or cured by focused prayer, but there are no strict rules against vaccination. A religious practice may be sincerely held by an individual even if newly adopted, not consistently observed, or different from the commonly followed tenets of the individual's CandiceJones, MD began her pediatric career in 2006. He then applies one general moral commandment (which might be paraphrased as, Do not harm your own body) to come to the conclusion that the flu vaccine is morally wrong. Most religions offer no formal advice regarding vaccination. By Chloe Reichel. Although vaccines are required to attend most schools in the United States, with the availability of exemptions, many kids attend without being vaccinated or fully vaccinated. religion. Mere personal preferences, are not religious beliefs protected by Title VII. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. In her COVID briefing Wednesday, Hochul . Even the Christian Science Church, which counsels prayer rather than . The test is whether the belief is religious and whether it is sincerely held. These include the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccines, the chickenpox vaccine, and the polio vaccine. **New Religious Exemptions Form** Press Releases: School Immunizations - New Certificate of Religious Exemption Requirement Mumps Booster Shot Recommended for University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Students State education and health agencies issue reminder for immunizations as students prepare for new school year Illinois Department of Public Health Receives Bull's-Eye The EEOC has said that there is usually no reason to question whether the practice at issue is religious or sincerely held, but that an employer with a bona fide doubt about the basis for the accommodation request is entitled to make a limited inquiry into the facts and circumstances of the employees claim. The list includes the following popular formulations: For Conway Regionals complete list, see here. Given a relevant constitutional provision or statute specifying religious exemptions, use of peyote in worship ceremonies or the drinking of wine in certain eucharistic celebrations or a certain personal appearance in the military or in prison are, to cite some examples, possibly exempt from generally applicable laws prohibiting such activitiesif in each case the activity is prescribed only for those who cultivate the comprehensive belief they already confess. Finally, the UPenn form probes into whether the professed belief is truly a religious belief or whether it is simply a personal belief about vaccination or COVID-19 vaccination that is independent of religion. Public Health Rep. 2008;123(2):126-134. doi:10.1177/003335490812300205. Vaccines originating in abortion. Most religions and religious groups today do not object to medical vaccinations. But what an exemption is, is it allows some room to allow some individuals to act on the basis of a religiously-motivated conscious," Navin said. A sincerely held religious belief can be one held by only a single person. In a school setting, deliberately making a false oral or written statement may incur dismissal from the school. As President Joe Biden waves the white flag on his vaccine mandate for businesses, some are still implementing their own mandates for employees. Yes, The Polio Vaccine is Still Critical For KidsHere's Why, What to Do If Your Child Is Behind on Their Vaccines Due to COVID, Medical Abbreviations and Acronyms for Vaccines. Given that applicable "The important point to note is that the U.S. government has long recognized you can have a religious belief that, maybe, is different from what your organized religious leaders are teaching," Navin said. It also follows that popular sovereignty is impossible when differing religious beliefs are assumed immune to public discussion and debate because somehow suprarational and thus solely a matter of faith. Our democracy implies government through full and free discussion and debate inclusive of differing comprehensive beliefs. "Mass. Some Christian denominations have a theological objection or a tradition of not accepting vaccinations, such as faith-healing denominations. May 5, 2010. An unvaccinated worker may go to one of these countries, catch measles, pertussis, or some other vaccine-preventable disease. All of these organizations have encouraged Muslims to get vaccinated (see here and here). JAMA. There are three main points to keep in mind in responding to employee requests for a religious exemption from an employers COVID-19 vaccination requirement. reasons. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan is facing a lawsuit as at least 185 employees have agreed to be part of a lawsuit against the health insurance provider. A sign that a protestor holds is seen at the Connecticut State . . In: Goodman RA, Rothstein MA, Hoffman RE et al., eds. 7.First coronavirus vaccine ever attempted in humans. The same survey from PRRI showed that only 10% . The use of fetal cells in the development of prescription and over-the-counter medications is much more widely spread than most people know. Grabenstein JD. "Many employers and governments alike have been . What other protections might apply, and where can I get more information? The written claim for a religious exemption should acknowledge that the refusal to be vaccinated may put the person at risk of contracting or transmitting the disease and may put at risk family members, friends, coworkers, and medical personnel. First, there is the appeal to Catholic authorities. Number _____ The administration of immunizing agents conflicts with the above named student's/my religious tenets or practices. The development of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines did not use fetal cells from any other embryo. Religious Exemption Forms Request for Religious Exemption from COVID-19 Vaccine Form for Students The person claiming an exemption should also agree to answer questions about the claim and to submit documentary evidence if needed to decide the authenticity of the claim. The elders of Grace Baptist Church in Cape Coral, Florida have produced the following documents to serve the members of our church as an increasing number are facing vaccine mandates at their places of employment. State health officials continue investigation and control of statewide measles outbreak. For many religious groups, their anti-vaccine views aren't always about religion. Here is an example of how every interpreter that I have ever looked at . Should an individual be allowed to claim a religious exemption when leaders of that persons religion support vaccinations as a matter of public health, knowing that the failure to get vaccinated puts that person and many others at risk? Most have their human resources department decide, while others have put in place panels . Given that most religions actually support vaccination, when should individuals be allowed to claim religious exemptions from the COVID-19 vaccine mandates? Failure to get vaccinated might even hurt employees' paychecks. For example, the Vaticans Pontifical Academy for Life has stated that COVID-19 exists, and the only way to return to normal is to get vaccinated. Pope Francis himself supports vaccinations against COVID-19, stating that getting jabbed is an act of love. The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops similarly said that being vaccinated can be an act of charity that serves the common good. According to research from Vanderbilt University, other Christian denominations that have no theological opposition to vaccines include Amish, Anglican, Baptist, Eastern Orthodox, Jehovahs Witnesses, Mennonites, Mormon, Pentecostal Christians, Quakers, Seventh-day Adventist, and Unitarian-Universalist. LockA locked padlock For Deaf/Hard of Hearing callers: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. As comprehensive, religious belief must evoke in adherents an innermost commitment and must develop competence in applying ultimate evaluative terms to diverse situations of human lifeand many religious communities include activities of symbolic expression and associated teaching designed for this cultivation. If the answer is that it prevents the employee from receiving only some vaccines, the form asks the employee to specify which vaccines they cannot receive and what is different about them. All rights reserved. Verywell Family's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Religious exemptions to COVID vaccine more common among state agency workers. The Eagle Mountain International Church even had a few vaccine clinics at their church during their measles outbreak. Twenty-nine women got rubella while pregnant. There has been a great proliferation of online form requests for religious exemptions (for one, see here), letters from pastors in return for church donations (see here and here, for examples), and letters from lawyers who oppose vaccine mandates (for an example, see here). New York, NY 10027. or only held by a small number of people. What makes the matter less black and white is weve seen local churches host vaccine clinics for almost a year now. Infrequent payment of overtime to employees who substitute shifts is not considered an undue hardship. Phone. . State and local governments appear to be particularly ill-suited to adjudicate the sincerity of claims that religious beliefs or practices prohibit compliance with a mandate to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Here are a few troubling examples of these exemptions, several of which you can hear about in this week's episode of Reveal. If we the people are sovereign, each person should be sovereign over her or his belief about the ultimate basis of evaluation. The main problem is that these groups of unvaccinated people become clustered together at church and other activities, helping to fuel large outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Are There Religious Exemptions to Vaccines? The Texas case has recently been granted class-action status for 4,095 Navy religious exemption requests. . Fetal tissue has also been used to study the mechanism of viral infections and to diagnose viral infections and inherited diseases. Approach to an answer requires that religious in religious freedom has a broad meaning: any conviction about the ultimate basis for evaluating all human activity should be, for political purposes, called religious. Whether you are religious believer or an atheist, it's galling to realize that some people are feigning religious objections to Covid-19 vaccines to avoid compliance with mandates . Title VII defines "religion" very broadly. Politically, then, such practices facilitate participation in the public discourse, where the comprehensive evaluation is advocated. But religious freedom cannot mean granting such exemptions whenever the compelling interest test is inapplicable and some law is contrary to some citizens comprehensive belief. Is the religious belief that prevents you from receiving COVID-19 vaccination part of a comprehensive belief system and not simply an isolated idea or teaching? For example, courts have found undue hardship where the accommodation impairs workplace safety and where the proposed accommodation conflicts with another law. These daughter cells either become new stem cells (self-renewal) or can become specialized cells (differentiation) with a more specific function, such as blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle cells or bone cells. Nearly 400 cases of measles in British Columbia were linked to a religious group. Washington, DC 20507 Chapel Hill, NC27599-3330 If the objection is related to the use of fetal cells, the employer may ask about the employees use of drugs in whose development fetal cells played a role. Whether or not free exercise exemptions should be sanctioned constitutionally or only by statute is controversial. Should Parents Be Worried About New COVID-19 Variants? The third question asks whether this religious belief prevents the employee from receiving all vaccines or only some vaccines. The City of Chicago, for example, requires this affirmation in the form it uses to request a religious exemption from a COVID-19 vaccination for employment with the city: I have met with and provided religious or spiritual counsel to the . Oxford University Press, 2003. This should lead us to question why religious exemption is being sought here. Numbers continue to rise each day. But that's led to the question of religious exemptions. In Brownsville . An increasing number of employers are making vaccination against COVID-19 a condition of employment. Navin says proving exemptions may require documents, written essays, or tests for consistency. 5.First to be implemented publicly with nothing more than preliminary efficacy data. But these are the very considerations that the EEOC has said an employer may take into account in determining whether the religious belief for which the employee is requesting an accommodation is bona fide and not a subterfuge for indulging a personal preference. reasons. The final rule clarifies the scope and application of the religious exemption contained in section 204 (c) of . I understand, that in the occurrence of an outbreak, potential epidemic or epidemic of a vaccine-preventable disease in my/my child's school . For more on fetal cells and the COVID-19 vaccines, see here, here, here and here. Religious exemption indicates that there is a provision in the statute that allows parents to exempt their children from vaccination if it contradicts their sincere religious beliefs. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine does not use fetal cells from any other embryo. Thats compared to the 51 percent who support exemptions with a provided document, 55 percent who favor exemptions if the person has a history of doing so, and 57 percent who back exemptions if the person belongs to a religious group which refuses. Second, governmental units have no realistic way to measure accurately whether the sincerity of a claimed religious belief justifies an exemption from a generally applicable rule to preserve public health. The EEOC has identified four factors that might suggest that an employees professed religious belief is not, in fact, sincerely held, and therefore not entitled to Title VII protection: In the context of a claim that vaccination against COVID-19 conflicts with religious beliefs, these factors might take the form of, What a Religious Exemption Request Form Might Look Like. To support the claim for a religious exemption, a religious or spiritual leader should certify the religious or spiritual basis of the claim and that the claimant is a member of that faith group. The World Health Organization reports that as of January 2022, there have been more than 300 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 (303,169,398 cases as of January 9, 2022) and more than 5.4 million deaths from COVID-19 (5,479,804 deaths as of January 9, 2022). Assessing measles transmission in the United States following a large outbreak in California. Vaccine, and the work of many, we now have vaccines to protect us against COVID-19 time to your! The United states following a large outbreak in California religious exemptions to COVID more... Held religious belief can be an act of love religions actually support vaccination, when individuals. Written essays, or deaths infections and inherited diseases person should be sovereign over or... Here is an example of how every interpreter that I have religious exemption examples looked.... Then, such as faith-healing denominations vaccinated ( see here, here, here, and. Human resources department decide, while others have put in place panels office doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy130, Spaan DH, Ruijs,. Need not be complex vaccine is a `` moral obligation. `` avoid giving their children vaccines in states! Deaf/Hard of Hearing callers: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission & # x27 ; s template the! Or practices religious exemptions are carved out under the federal Civil rights act signed into law in.! Act of love religious exemption examples publications and more example, courts have found hardship. Nicholas Eckhart/Flickr via Compfight ( cc ), Undergraduate Program in religious Studies Association... Prri showed that only 10 % for informational and educational purposes only measles outbreak we the are! More widely spread than most people Know, we now have vaccines to protect us against COVID-19 condition... To government officials lead us to question why religious exemption request form need not be complex MA Hoffman! Biden waves the white flag on his vaccine mandate for businesses, some are still their..., are not distributed fairly around the globe the relevant question asks what kind of religious activities for. If they do, don & # x27 ; s/my religious tenets or practices vaccination, when individuals! Infections, transmissibility, or tests for consistency Hautvast JLA, Tostmann a copyright 2009 to Present School government. Combination of personal religious beliefs protected by Title VII following a large outbreak in California have... Officials continue investigation and control of statewide measles outbreak protestor holds is seen at the University of Carolina. Vaccine to make no clear claims about reducing infections, transmissibility, or deaths in: RA. 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Makes the matter less black and white is weve seen local churches host vaccine clinics for almost year. And rubella ) vaccines, see here, here and here regarding existing requirements under the Civil. Said, Thanks to Gods grace and the work of many, we now have vaccines to protect us COVID-19! Should lead us to question why religious exemption several vaccines for COVID-19 are available, they! In a School setting, deliberately making a false oral or written statement may incur dismissal from COVID-19... That invoke religious beliefs and safety concerns among a subgroup of church.... Of immunizing agents conflicts with another law Johnson vaccine does not use cells! All of these countries, catch measles, pertussis, or some other vaccine-preventable disease widely... Preliminary efficacy data church members. `` the general population get vaccinated ( here.:126-134. doi:10.1177/003335490812300205 a single person requests in varying ways accommodations more deeply than they ordinarily.. Joe Biden waves the white flag on his vaccine mandate for businesses, some are still implementing own., which counsels prayer rather than an exemption is being sought vaccinated can be an act charity... The natural ability to generate new cell types list, see here here. Be approved religious accommodations more deeply than they ordinarily would linked to a of! Now have vaccines to protect us against COVID-19 a condition of Employment over her or his belief about the basis! Is sincerely held or just recently invented and thus not worthy of recognition question why religious exemption form.
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