HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. Determining that New Mexico was not too badly damaged to remain on station Spruance kept her as his flagship for the rest of the campaign. President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. On April 28, the last day of the invasion, Spruances command was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. Yamato class battleship that served as the Japanese Combined Fleet's Flagship, housing Admiral Yamamoto. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. The Japanese managed to inflict only superficial damage on three ships. Capturing and occupying Midway was the brainchild-plan of commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. Spruance's first duty assignment was aboard the battleship USSIowa, an 11,400 ton veteran of the SpanishAmerican War. A squadron of US Dive bombers which had arrived late after getting lost ambush the Japanese carriers bombing and resulting in the sinking of three out of four carriers. Commanded the first Japanese air strike against Midway Island at the beginning of the battle. Always calm, always at peace with himself, Spruance had that ability which marks the great captain to make correct estimates and the right decisions in a fluid battle situation. His new duties involved planning rather than operations, and Spruance chafed for more action. He suggested Spruance replace him as commander of the Fleet carrier force, despite the fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers. The Japanese were trying to tow Soryu to safety when she was torpedoed and sunk by the U.S. submarine Nautilus. The combined American force consisted of three carriers, eight cruisers, 15 destroyers, 12 submarines and 353 aircraft, ranged against a grand total of 200 Japanese vessels and 700 planes. And, off Okinawa, Spruance never faltered in face of the destruction wrought by the kamikazes. Lieutenant in command of the USS Enterprise air group. When Midway began on June 4, 1942 the first few waves of U.S. aircraft were greatly outnumbered by Japanese forces. Yorktown and Task Force 17 were under the command of Rear Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher. His tour of sea duty ended in 1921, and he spent the next three years with the Navy Departments Bureau of Engineering and the Doctrine of Aircraft board. Clarence McClusky, swooped from 19,000 feet onto Nagumos ships. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. The assault began at dawn on November 20, 1943, and the fighting raged for 76 hours. That achievement brought praise from Churchill, who wrote to Navy Secretary James Forrestal, Admiral Spruance is again to be congratulated for another fine job. Was the site of a naval battle between the United States and Japan in 1942. Yorktowns planes hit Soryu as she was turning into the wind to launch aircraft. The Battle of Midway was fought June 4-7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. Spruance directed Operation Hailstone against the Japanese naval base Truk in February 1944 in which twelve Japanese warships, thirty-two merchant ships and 249 aircraft were destroyed. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. Most of Nagumo's attack planes had just returned from the first strike on Midway and were immobilized on the carrier hangers, while his combat air patrol cover planes were engaged with battling torpedo bombers from Hornet. Carrier units of his force penetrated waters of the Japanese homeland and Nansei Shoto. He was appointed as Ambassador to the Philippines by President Harry S. Truman, and served there from 1952 to 1955. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." The gloomy reports from Nagumo and his other commanders led Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Midway. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. Kwajalein was in American hands, but the rest of the Marshalls groupabout 30 islands and more than 800 reefs scattered over hundreds of miles of oceanremained to be dealt with. For that assault, Spruance led the most powerful naval strike force in history. On June 4, Spruance and Fletcher engaged four Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway. Admiral Ernest J. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. In January 1945, Spruance resumed command of the fleet and began moving against Iwo Jima. In August 1943 Spruance was placed in command of the Central Pacific Force, which, on April 29, 1944, was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. Raymond A. Spruance. He loved to show them to visitors. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. Hickman, Kennedy. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. Before the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7-8 May 1942, the Imperial Navy of Japan had swept aside all of its enemies from the Pacific and Indian oceans. serious damage on the islands installations. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. They met practically no opposition because most of the Zeros were still close to the water, not having had time to climb and counterattack. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. When I look at myself objectively, he wrote in retirement, I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. [7], Spruance ran a quiet bridge, without chit-chat; he demanded that orders be given concisely and clearly. For the main Midway assault, the Japanese force consisted of the main battle fleet under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, composed of three battleships, a light carrier and a destroyer screen; Admiral Chuichi Nagumos combined fleet of two battleships, two heavy cruisers, destroyers and four fleet carriers carrying more than 250 aircraft; and an invasion task force led by Admiral Nobutake Kondo, consisting of a dozen transport ships carrying 5,000 troops, closely supported by four heavy cruisers, two battleships and a light carrier; and a three-cordon submarine force intended to neutralize U.S. countermoves. 2015. After three days of pre-invasion bombardment, Marines landed on Roi Islet and captured it the same day. The Japanese intercepted this and soon started sending messages that "AF was short on water. [9] On the other hand, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester Nimitz knew he must intercept the Japanese invasion fleet, and that he must give battle to the enemy aircraft carriers before they could project their overwhelming power against the naval air station at Midway. But we went in and took their possessions in a few days, without the loss of a single ship. Overseeing the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943, he guided Allied forces as they advanced through the Gilbert Islands. The slow-moving Devastators were easy targets for the Japanese gunners and Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighters, and all 15 were shot down. [4] Spruance attended Indianapolis public schools and graduated from Shortridge High School. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. [7], He commanded the Percival during the sea trials off the California coast and during the patrol cruises with the Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet until May 1922, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C., for duty in the Bureau of Engineering under Rear Admiral John K. Robison. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. US Navy SBD dive bombers at the Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942. My mind is blank. Naval Academy in 1906 and from the Naval War College in 1927 where he taught for a few years. Things did not look hopeful for Spruance and his force on the eve of Midway. For his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Spruance was awarded the Navy Cross. Admiral Spruance died on 13 December 1969, at his home in Pebble Beach , California. But his service was not yet finished. [13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. He commanded U.S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. United States bombers sank three Japanese ships. Towards the end of that year, Spruance commanded a cruiser division supporting Admiral Halsey's carrier, the 'Enterprise', at Wake Island. [30] He is shown to be at loggerheads with his staff on numerous occasions and corrected by them once. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. Enterprise dive bombers critically damaged two Japanese carriers including Nagumo's flagship Akagi; while the Yorktown air group, launched after Fletcher was confident that all Japanese carriers were accounted for, crippled the Soryu. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruance's ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. Spruance's rise to fame . Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. He began attendance at the Naval War College in 1926, and graduated in 1927. In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. Then Nagumos force was spotted by torpedo bombers from Hornets squadron VT-8, led by Lt. Cmdr. His classmates included Arthur L. Bristol, William L. Calhoun, William A. Glassford, Charles C. Hartigan, Aubrey W. Fitch, Frank J. Fletcher, Robert L. Ghormley, Isaac C. Kidd, John S. McCain Sr., Leigh Noyes, Ferdinand L. Reichmuth, John H. Towers, Russell Willson, and Thomas Withers. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library. Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. Spruance was calculating and cautious. His father wanted him to go to West Point, but young Raymond yearned to go to sea. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. How can these and the knowledge they provide be used to spread His Word? He served as Assistant Chief of Staff under Vice admiral Philip Andrews during the period of tensions between Greece and Turkey and was decorated with the Gold Cross of the Order of the Savior by the Government of Greece for his service. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. Raymond Spruance was born in Baltimore on July 3, 1886, the son of Alexander and Annie Spruance. Hickman, Kennedy. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. Pratt, F. "Spruance: Picture of the Admiral," Harpers Magazine 193, no. On June 14, while Mitscher led a diversionary attack on the Bonin Islands 800 miles to the north, U.S. Marines and infantrymen stormed ashore. [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. Fifteen Buffaloes and two Wildcats were lost, but the garrisons anti-aircraft fire was effective. The USS Enterprise ambushes and sinks the Hiryu. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. They would draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the bleak Aleutian Islands, and then strike at unprotected Midway. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. With it he intended to significantly expand the Imperial Japanese Navy's outer defense perimeter across the central Pacific; and, he believed, this very powerful stroke against Midway would so severely threaten Hawaii and Pearl Harbor that the U.S. government would be induced to sue for peace. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. Michio Kobayashi [28], His achievements in the navy were well known, but himself much less. [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. It was the only aircraft carrier in the presence of Midway Island to survive the dive bomber attack and launched two and a half waves of planes against the United States Navy. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. When Yorktown was struck at Midway, however, Fletcher transferred his flag to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. In one incident a distraught officer rushed to report, "Captain, we've just dropped a depth charge over the stern!" He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. [Admiral Spruance wrote this foreward for Mitsuo Fuchida's book, Midway, The Battle That Doomed Japan; The Japanese Navy's . He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. After six furious minutes, the three carriers were left burning. But due to a printing error on the executive calendar of nominations, Spruance was officially promoted only to his former rank of vice admiral. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. In this state the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable. Spruance's achievements were acknowledged by the unique distinction of a special act of Congress awarding him Admiral's full pay for life. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. The enemy units were forced to withdraw their battered aircraft carrier Shokaku, while the Americans had to abandon the old, cherished carrier Lexington. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. The sole survivor of the squadrons 30 officers and men was Ensign George H. Gay, Jr., who spent several hours floating in the water, watching the battle. B. Jim Crow Laws During World War II, he was commander in the . Shortly before his retirement, Spruance received the following Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. The surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Spruance received the Navy Cross for his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[23]. Morisons text refers to Spruance, victor at Midway. It was a cool, clear day. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. Retribution was not long in coming. His achievements were well-known, but the man himself was a mystery. Lt. Kabayashi leads Japanese bombers from the Hiryu to attack the USS Yorktown. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II.He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navy's air arm. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary . Samuel Eliot Morison agreed: Power of decision and coolness in action were perhaps Spruances leading characteristics. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota (BB-22) during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. In the fighting, the Japanese lost three carriers and around 600 aircraft. Spruance expressed his personal feelings on this matter as follows: So far as my getting five star rank is concerned, if I could have got it along with Bill Halsey, that would have been fine; but, if I had received it instead of Bill Halsey, I would have been very unhappy over it. B. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. After serving aboard the battleship Iowa, Spruance went on a world cruise aboard the battleship Minnesota. Japanese escort carrier that was mainly responsible for launching scouts attached to Combined Fleet main body. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . https://www.historynet.com/admiral-raymond-a-spruance-modest-victor-of-midway/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, How Operation Homecoming Was Sprung into Action to Repatriate American POWs. C. American Dream [11] Although Spruance was proven as a cruiser division commander, he had no experience handling carrier-air combat; Halsey reassured Nimitz, and he told Spruance and Fletcher to rely on their newly inherited staff, particularly Captain Miles Browning, a battle-proven expert in carrier warfare. Four years later, President Harry S. Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. It's commanding officer, Captain Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard and go down with his ship. Spruance, Raymond A. Japanese fleet in charge of landing army units on Midway. He is responsible for the Japanese battle plan to attack Midway and the Aleutian Islands. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) then under construction in the yard. HistoryLearning.com. On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. This occurred at the same time that Admiral Turner's forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the east. The Eastern Orthodox Church developed from the church in Constantinople. More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. These plans proved moot when the war came to an abrupt end in early August with the use of the atom bomb. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. War College in 1926, and graduated in 1927 planning rather than operations, and he was of! 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