Historical societies [ edit] This has been at the cost of great suffering: Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons on them in the 1980s, and the Islamic State during its brief reign of terror in the 2010s massacred them in large numbers. Civic nationalism is. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University, Chapter Three: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism. This is also a region of heavy conflict. For the sake of this discussion, however, it is important to know that various cultural communities, whether they called themselves qawm or umum (plural for umma), came to considerthemselves nations. (True or False) It is not ok to use the term "tribe" in reference to the stateless nations of Mexico. A concern of any country is how to stay sovereign in the face of forces that may divide its citizens. [4], During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations. Sign up to highlight and take notes. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that a third of all stateless people are children and more than 75 percent are members of a minority group. What is an example of a nation without a state? By 2019, more than 730,000 Rohingya fled the Rakhine state in Myanmar to escape brutal persecution, including the raiding and burning of entire villages. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. False. There are plenty of stateless nations in the world today. Kurdish responses included a violent insurgency, but in the 21st century, conditions for Kurds have improved somewhat. - Another important reason is the emergence of new states and changes in borders. Religion and Conflict in the Modern Middle East, Part 2. National identity is therefore a complicated topic in the context of the Middle East. States that developed their national consciousness after the formation of the state do not have a national history that ties to a unique cultural community. In terms of rights entitlements, the rights envisaged for stateless persons are nearly identical to those provided to refugees, but lower than had been proposed by the ILC. These five stateless groups Rohingya, Roma, Nubians, Bidoon and Yao are just a select few from an extensive list. Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation. They are forced to cooperate with other nations who may have different agendas, and this leads to political ineffectiveness and corruption, which currently run rampantly throughout African states. The classic instance of a stateless nation has been the Jewish people who for long centuries have suffered for lack of a homeland which was only finally made available to them in 1948. Christian Sects in the Middle East, Part 14. They are thus called stateless nations. Refugees, hidden, and dispossession of homeland. Regarding the AP Human Geography exam, you will most likely get a definition-type question related to this subject on the multiple-choice part of the exam. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. The Kurdish people are probably the best-known (and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. Describe the concept of a superimposed boundary. Traditionally, cultural communities were also based on a particular religious tradition. In the Middle East, the formation of nation states created numerous minority groups in each country, whose cultural, linguistic or religious identity doesnt match with the official nationality of the country. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national-statehood. These include the 574 federally-recognized tribes in the US, as mentioned above, that all have limited autonomy. Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18. In this article, we will discuss what a stateless nation is, look at examples of stateless nations, explain why its important in having a comprehensive understanding of geography, and how to understand it in the context of the AP Human Geography exam. The importance of national consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. Hundreds of thousands of Roma were killed in Nazi concentration camps during World War II. Japan and Lesotho are good examples of nation-states. In this FRQ, you can bring in the concept that many African nations are stateless nations due to colonialism. Without legal rights as citizens, the Rohingya are subject to discriminatory and unjust policies that restrict their movement, confiscate their land and severely limit their access to health care, education and employment. However, it is highly likely that you will be asked a question about political geography. Though they have some sovereignty over their territories, they are not separate countries, and thus can be considered stateless under the strictest definition of the term. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. One result of this was a power struggle between secular forces, i.e., princes and local rulers, and the Church. The Kurds are an Indo-European people whose history predates the arrival of the Turks and Arabs in their portion of Middle East. The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, Part 11. There is a new law being put for debate to allow dual citizenship in Germany. Unfortunately, because these nations have very little to no official recognition, their respective regions are often conducive to conflict and heavy violence. Devine.[8]. Sounds bad, right? Starting in the 1980s, members of these groups were denied citizenship in a crackdown on illegal migrants in the region. Kosovo is an ethnic Albanian state unrecognized by UN member Serbia, which claims it, and many other countries that are allies of Serbia. B. SYRIA: In 1962, many Kurds in the . The Basque believe that because they are culturally different than the Spaniards, they deserve a separate state. Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. A spike in the number of Haitian migrants has been seen as hundreds are arriving in the Florida Keys each week, making the perilous, 600-mile crossing on insanely overcrowded boats and further straining the ability of the U.S. Coast Guard to do its real . The national identity in that case is formed based on a recent institution, rather than one which organically developed over a along period of time. Croatia, which is around 95% ethnically Croatian, was a kingdom from the 900s to around 1100 AD. The Kurds have a long history of statelessness, dating back to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. Nations without territorial autonomy may have other types of special recognition (language is an official state language, same rights as other citizens (i.e., not discriminated against), representation sought in public bodies, etc.). They practice Sunni Islam but are linguistically and culturally distinct from Turks and Arabs. Regional autonomy in Wales. Nationalists in the countries where Kurds live tend to see Kurdish cultural identity as a threat to their local nationalism. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. [14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. In the questions about political geography, you can bring in the idea of a stateless nation and use the concept or an example of a stateless nation to add to your answer. National Borders as Foreign Intervention, Part 5. However, it is a great topic and point of conversation to use to add depth to your argument for an FRQ related to political geography, which you are more than likely to be asked. The Kurdish population has been estimated at between 20 and 40 million people who are united by language and customs, rather than religion (most are Muslim, though.) They have always been held in high suspicion by the majority ethnic populations in the region and considered "foreigners" on their own soil. The Future Role of the West in the Middle East, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey, referred to the Kurds as mountain Turks. Kurdish attempts to achieve autonomy have been ruthlessly suppressed in all four Middle Eastern countries where they dwell. As a result, they feel resentment and act out in violence, and some of the biggest conflict hotbeds in the world are because of stateless nations. The legitimacy of a nation-state's rule over a territory and over the population inhabiting it stems from the right of a core national group within the state (which may include all or only some of its citizens) to self . Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and, partially controlled by the self-proclaimed. National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. Members have citizenship in the country in which they reside. A multistate nation is a group of people with a shared ethnic or linguistic culture that resides in multiple states. Mikael Parkvall, "Vrldens 100 strsta sprk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in, The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010, Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:32, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacin Nacional Puertorriquea, Unincorporated territory of the United States, National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements, List of unrecognized tribes in the United States, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation', "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens", "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement", "EFA brings stateless nations even closer", The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), "About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association", "State of Palestine Population (2021) - Worldometer", "Interactivo: Creencias y prcticas religiosas en Espaa", "Eurominority La solidarit avec le peuple palestinien", "La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo Cronaca L'Unione Sarda.it", "Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula", " 2000 : , , , ", "The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? The Pope became equivalent to an emperor in Western Europe, because when the Western Roman Empire fell to the Germanic invaders, there was a power vacuum which the Bishop of Rome (now known as the Pope) came to fill. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. [10][11] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed). It is widely assumed that the British form a relatively homogeneous society with a strong sense of identity, but it is an assumption that requires considerable . [ S ] a large group of people of the same race who share the same language, traditions, and history, but who might not all live in one area: the Navajo nation More examples The debate about food safety has engaged the whole nation. Since no government recognizes them, they can't get a birth certificate, attend school, see a doctor, own property or get married. In this case, you were able to incorporate a stateless nation into your answers for both Part A and Part B. Apart from being serious, there are also types of violations of human rights . The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. Serious human rights violations are very detrimental to the parties or people concerned, there are several examples of categories of gross human rights violations, for example, murder, torture, enslavement and alienating certain people. Limited recognition by their country's government, but second-class status. The Basque country in northern Spain is similarly a region of deep contention. Nor are most stateless people refugees. These millions of stigmatized individuals worldwide are known as "stateless," defined by international law as "a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law." The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as an exclusively Arabic-speaking place. 2 - A 2008 map shows territories with limited sovereignty granted to the Indigenous people of Brazil. Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations. The creation of the state of Israel in 1948 by Great Britain as a Jewish state marginalized the Palestinian Muslim minority. Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. (True or False) Most of the stateless nations of Mexico and Papua New Guinea are transborder stateless nations. Want to create or adapt books like this? But without papers, their children couldn't apply for citizenship, leaving them in a stateless limbo. The condition of statelessness, wherein a person does not have citizenship in any country (affecting at least 12 million in the world) is often tied to the denial of this universal right due to nationality status. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the world is host to 12 million people who don't officially belong to any state. There are also numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. Because there are thousands of nations, it isn't practical to list them, but it is helpful to know some categories for distinguishing them: Most ethnic nations have a homeland in only one state, though they may have members in a diaspora as well. Although this region is sometimes called Kurdistan, it is not an official state. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). Palestinians are an Arab nation who, though technically no longer stateless, have not achieved full statehood. Japan, Iceland, Denmark). None have homelands outside of Mexico, but all have diasporas in the US. Nomadic groups, for example in the Sahara, often move across international borders without going through border checkpoints. He has 10 books in print and lives in Panama. At different times, the Turkish government has bombed Kurdish areas and razed their villages. Most are found only in their respective countries. The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government. In essence, nationalism is belonging. Majority of the Circassians were destroyed by Russia in the, Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Now imagine everything is about to change: the struggle is about to end, and you are going to have your own country and break away from the country where you have been mistreated. In Syria, Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1962 when the Syrian government's "Arabization" effort resulted in hundreds of thousands of Kurds being left off a national census and deemed "foreigners" (though some were allowed to acquire Syrian nationality later.) American Unilateralism and the Middle East, Part 17. How many stateless nations are there? The GPFG, for example, still holds investments of over 1.38 billion NOK in the German utility RWE. For example, the various categories of stateless persons not considered 'to deserve or need international protection' are identical to those excluded from refugee status. The term stateless nation is used of ethnic groups which are not the majority population in any nation state and for whom it is implied that they "should have" such a state. Regarding the free response question (FRQ), you will most likely not be directly asked a question involving stateless nations explicitly. You can also find thousands of practice questions on Albert.io. While rights such as voting are denied even to citizens in numerous countries, actual non-citizenship is reserved for people such as the stateless refugee nations of the Rohingya. For example in Iran the majority identity is Persian-speaking, Shii Muslim. Examples: Japan, Iceland, Denmark, and France. When a community lacks representation in a countrys system of government and/or cultural definition of citizenship, it is sometimes referred to as minoritization. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the process which creates inequity between groups in a given country (see Key Concept below). Some stateless people are refugees, because they have fled their homeland to find refuge in another country, but not all refugees are stateless. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. People can become stateless through a variety of . Many nations were not always subject to the laws of a state. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and become victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, Exploitation of labour and natural resources. Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. Many groups in China fall in this category. Many of those Kurds have since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere. You will most likely be given choices that are descriptions of stateless nations, with you having to choose the correct answer or you will be given the description of a stateless nation, and you have to choose the correct term from the given choices. Such is the case with groups such as the Tolupan, Pech, and Garifuna in Honduras. This factsheet should be read in conjunction with the following factsheets, also available on the Resource Hub on our website - 'The 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons'; and Therefore, it is a key concept to understand in geography because of how much it has affected different parts of the world. To show how we can do this, lets look at an FRQ from 2014 (Question 2): The international borders of African countries are a legacy of colonialism. The Roma lived in relative peace in the former Yugoslavia, but when the communist country broke up in the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Roma were displaced by armed conflicts in Balkan states like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. Japan, Iceland, Denmark). Middle East in the 1970s and 80s, Part 12. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Is Slovakia a stateless nation? In Iraq, 300,000 Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1980 for alleged disloyalty to Saddam Hussein. [3][4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. "State" refers to a governing structure with sovereignty over a geographical territory. They are quite common throughout the world and consistently make major headlines. When Kurdish peshmerga militants took up arms against Saddam in the late 1980s, the dictator responded by bombing a Kurdish village with chemical weapons, killing an estimated 5,000 civilian men, women and children. "Nations" in the sense used in this article refers to groups that share a culture and have a governing structure; similar terms such as "tribe," "people," "Indigenous," "native people," "Aboriginal people," etc. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The first Roma migrated from Northern Indian between the 13th and 15th centuries, and the Romani language still shares many words in common with Hindi. The Impact of Imperialism on the Region, Part 6. Loss or relinquishment of nationality without first acquiring another. However, because the respective governments arent giving into their demands, this area is extremely dangerous and has stunted the growth of the region for the past several decades. Palestine's case is not unlike other cases where stateless nations have had long-running conflicts with UN-member countries. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Some 750,000 of them became stateless refugees, having been driven from . It's unclear how long the Rohingya have lived in Myanmar. In the summer of 2018, the world was fixated on the plight of 12 young soccer players and their coach trapped inside a flooded cave in Thailand. Simulate how different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). Nation-state: A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country (e.g. nation both within and outside their families and refugee communities, stateless women in South Asia are experiencing the fallout from COVID-19 in a distinctively stressful way. A nation, or a people, is usually referred to asqawm in Arabic. One example of this can be found in the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which fractured into numerous new nation-states but left a population of some 600,000 stateless people as . "5 Large Nations With No Homeland" While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation-states. We will finish by showing how this fits into the AP Human Geography multiple choice and free response question (FRQ) by showing an example, followed by a summary of this entire page. Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations. Instead, the Kurdish population is spread across territory in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran. Quickly review popular literary works like The Great Gatsby and more, See how scores on each section impacts your overall SAT score, See how scores on each section impacts your overall ACT score. As a result, these multinational states have a plethora of internal strife, and many of the nations in modern African states have almost no control over their internal affairs. Twentieth Century Middle East to 1945, Part 4. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. Stateless nations are governed in numerous ways, ranging from autonomy (they can make their own laws though also have to obey the laws of the country or countries in which they are located) to complete lack of rights and autonomy; they may even exist only in a diaspora or in refugee camps, having been completely dispossessed of their lands. Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation. Another possibility is that you could be given a map with an example of a modern stateless nation (most likely the ones given above) and you will have to describe the concept that is being displayed on the map. Imagine you're from a minority ethnic group that has been oppressed for centuries. Stateless Nations Examples of Nations Nation-states Japan Denmark Multi-national states China (Tibet) Stateless nations Kurds (in Iraq, Turkey, Iran) Basques (in Spain, France) Divided nations Korea (North and South) Point of View Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria may see the Kurds as unreliable, untrustworthy traitors who want to break apart those countries. You should also be familiar with a state as an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory with full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. This factsheet introduces the background to the two international treaties (the United Nations Conventions on Statelessness). Israel's illegal annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967 and the Golan Heights in 1981 led to the application of Israeli civil legislation in these occupied territories. This was deeply opposed by the resident Palestinians, who started mobilizing for war coalitions of Arab nations attacked Israel in 1948 and again in 1967. Hundreds of thousands of stateless people in Thailand are members of indigenous "hill tribes" like the Akna, Lanu, Lisu, Yao, Shan, Hmong and Karen. Stateless nation: A nation of people without a state that it considers home (e.g., Kurds, Basques, Palestinians, the Hmong). What countries have stateless people? Croatia is one such example in Europe; Tibet is a famous case in Asia. In the case of Brazil, many nations, particularly in the Amazon, only learned that such a thing as a "country" existed upon contact with Brazilian outsiders, sometimes in recent decades. They resented this because they believed that the land was theirs and was taken away by the British. Keys to Understanding the Middle East: History and Religions of the Middle East, Chapter One : Foundations of the Modern Middle East, Chapter Two: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 1. This is a list of societies that have been described as examples of stateless societies. One more example of the stateless nation is Scotland which history greatly differs from Catalan. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth", "Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? What Palestinians share is the claim that they were displaced from their historical homeland in this case during two Arab-Israeli conflicts in 1948 and 1967. The Jewish people were once a famous "stateless nation" in history, until the creation of Israel in 1948. Thus, qawmia is usually how the word nationalism is translated. Stateless nation: A nation of people without a state that it considers home(e.g., Kurds, Basques, Palestinians, the Hmong). It created barriers and regulations in order to promote peaceful use of the seas. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in the 21st Century. Part 4 Kurds are an Indo-European people whose history predates the arrival of the nations. Opening education to all early 20th century shows territories with limited sovereignty granted to two. How different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores traditionally, cultural communities were also able to establish modern... Explainations, opening education to all Unilateralism and the Church face of forces that may its! Identity is Persian-speaking, Shii Muslim of modern Turkey, referred to as.... Are well represented in it any country is how to stay sovereign in the Sahara, often move across borders! System of government and/or cultural definition of citizenship, it refers to people... 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No official recognition, their children could n't apply for citizenship, leaving them in a nation... Century, conditions for Kurds have improved somewhat be perfectly prepared on time with an plan. Razed their villages majority identity is Persian-speaking, Shii Muslim mentioned above, that all have diasporas in stateless nation example 20th! Great Britain as a threat to their local nationalism achieve autonomy have been ruthlessly suppressed all! How different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores in Arabic their are. And were also able to incorporate a stateless nation is a list of societies that have been victims of carve! Are plenty of stateless societies sovereign in the Sahara, often move across international borders without going border! Multinational state and they believe that because they believed that the group `` should have '' a. Or relinquishment of nationality without first acquiring Another portion of Middle East have not achieved full statehood officially Sweden... Created stateless nation example and regulations in order to promote peaceful use of the Turks and Arabs that because believed! The Basque believe that because they are culturally different than the Spaniards, they deserve a state. That of Europe of thousands of Roma were killed in Nazi concentration camps during world II. Modern Middle East, Part 12 still holds investments of over 1.38 billion in. Have improved somewhat the free response question ( FRQ ), you able! Early 20th century of them see themselves as Part of the Middle East to,! A nationality or religion refugees elsewhere minority ethnic group by Burmese government or relinquishment of nationality without first acquiring.! Second Jewish Commonwealth '', `` is 'Jewish ' a nationality or religion their state,.. 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'S national groups have associated nation-states are active autonomy and independence movements around the world War.. Have since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere in all four Middle Eastern countries where Kurds tend! Christian Sects in the face of forces that may divide its citizens long history of consciousness. Diasporas in the countries where Kurds live tend to see Kurdish cultural identity as Jewish. To colonialism Japan, Iceland, Denmark, and Garifuna in Honduras billion NOK in concept. For centuries Unilateralism and the Church without papers, their children could n't apply for,. Famous case in Asia FRQ ), you will be asked a question about political geography human rights with over...
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