similarities of western and eastern concept of selfsimilarities of western and eastern concept of self

Last modified January 17, 2016. Improving the efficiency of green innovation has become an urgent issue in the transformation of manufacturing industries in most developing countries within the context of increasing resource scarcity and environmental constraints. There is no difference in their fundamental ideas. 2011 Western Saharan protests and United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories have 4 things in common (in Unionpedia): Morocco, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Self-determination, Western Sahara. In the west although there are many topics discussed in different western countries, some common discussions may be around health, weather, or travel. In modern times, the younger Gen Z are spending more and saving less. These east vs west differences change the ways in which people act, behave, and think. Plato uses this slave boy as an example of innate knowledge to show that people already know innately what they think of as being taught and that this goes for knowledge of goodness as well as anything else. As a simple example, imagine that you see a picture of someone tall intimidating someone smaller. Both the Western and the Eastern approach share a concept that a deeper understanding of reality is possible than is normally available in everyday experience. This paper analyzes the myths of the Vedas and the Upanishads in the East, and Mesopotamian and Semitic myths in the West to come . Intriguingly, this distinction could also be seen in childrens drawings from Japan and Canada, suggesting that the different ways of seeing emerge at a very young age. The popular writer Sankara Saranam, author of the bookGod WithoutReligion, is one example of this when he claims that eastern philosophy is concerned with general knowledge while western philosophy aims at specific knowledge. Further, they argue, humans must recognize what is not good in order to reject it, and therefore do not need to be taught goodness but only be directed or educated to act on their innate knowledge of the good. There are no sharp divides between two culture's different ways of thinking, and people in immigrant communities may incorporate both mindsets (Credit: Getty images), Although some people have claimed that our social orientation may have a genetic element, the evidence to date suggests that it is learned from others. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. spoken, famous folklore, well-known local products, festivals, etc. The special cultural, political and economic characteristics of "the West" are, however, not universally agreed upon, nor are its geographical limits and stereotypes of the West mask the cultural, physical and historical differences within this vast and varied region., Those who live in the West have different ideas of what the West is depending on where they are in the world. Both East and West believe that man is born with innate knowledge that just needs to be encouraged to pursue. Western culture believes that the key to success is through material means. Not a leaf was stirred, not the chirping of a bird or a living thing. It was, he thought, a timeless place, straight out of pre-history. The problem of the self currently remains unsolved. Western philosophy focuses on the finding the . All that would change in the mid-19th Century. This was true even at the borders between different regions. If we are what we see, and we are attending to different stuff, then we are living in different worlds, says Henrich. all self-knowledge integrated into. In the West traditionally companies will hire for longer and expect consistent productivity. Need we ask anyone to tell us these things? His mentor,Socrates(the main character inPhaedrus, as in the majority of Platos works) asks this question of his comrade Phaedrus regarding the quality ofwriting. Whereas in the West culturally people are confused about western history. East vs. west - The concept of "east" lumps many different cultures together that blur vast differences. Western culture is known for its materialism. Cite your sources. Let's consider our earlier scenario and the congratulations offered by a . She graduated from SUNY Delhi in 2018. responsibility of the state in In fact one can ask several questions as to what the western civilization is, but the main question that should be asked is what may the history of western civilization comprised of., The orient has traditionally been considered to be the negation of the West, i.e. Rather than a comparison of these Western concepts and Eastern Zen practices, it will be a possible comparison of the applicability of these traditions to the analysis of lived experience and problematic aspects of managerial practice. And this thinking style also extends to the way we categorise inanimate objects. Community orientation. 10. close relatives, Elders are considered as a sacred and Since the 'discovery' of eastern philosophy by western explorers and scholars in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, there has been an arbitrary division maintained, especially in colleges and universities, between 'western philosophy' and 'eastern philosophy' as though these two systems present radically different views of the world. In both east vs west one of the similarities are the health systems. Talhelm said he was first inspired by his own experiences in the country. THE SELF IN WESTERN AND ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHTS. Wheat farming, by contrast, takes about half the amount of workand depends on rainfall rather than irrigation, meaning that farmers dont need to collaborate with their neighbours and can focus on tending their own crops. Thank you! Mark, Emily. Not only does the evid. Americans tend to draw themselves very large, Talhelm says. The most often cited difference is that western philosophy is 'fragmentary' while eastern philosophy is . The empiricist argument that there is a lack of evidence for innate knowledge cannot be supported by empirical facts; a person must be aware that they should pursue something before they can pursue it. The culture in the east is to focus the family and the importance of the family on the children. The works of both these men deal with what is 'good' and what is the right way to understand one's existence. The popular writer Sankara Saranam, author of the book God Without Religion, is one . 1.The self is a distinct and 1.The self is an integrated. s elf-concept. The question is what the solution should be.. )), Conceptual Framework and Accounting Standards (Conrado T. Valix, Jose F. Peralta, and Christian Aris M. Valix), Intermediate Accounting (Conrado Valix, Jose Peralta, Christian Aris Valix), Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (Warren L. McCabe; Julian C. 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They further discuss that lasting rewards come to one who considers virtue before possessions of the world. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. It tended to be more important than schooling in explaining that shift.. In addition, among western religious believers, their future . Whether good or bad. In the east it is usual practice to throw staff or people into a challenging and unknown situation with no prior notice. Historians such as Frederick Jackson Turnerhave long argued that the expansion and exploration into the west has nurtured a more independent spirit, as each pioneer battled the wilderness and each other for their own survival. Eastern culture focuses more on purification of soul and the life here after. By and large, cultures in the West tend to be more individualistic whereas people from the East are more collectivist. The similarities between eastern and western philosophy are greater than any differences cited by modern-day writers and lecturers on the topic. The tacit assumption had been that this select group of people could represent universal truths about human nature that all people are basically the same. Whereas in the east many times in cultures such as India and other Asian countries, getting an arranged marriage is common practice and the families happiness and wealth is more important than that of the individual. The most often cited difference is that western philosophy is 'fragmentary' while eastern philosophy is 'holistic'. Whether you're backpacking in Vietnam or interning abroad in Beijing, the interface between your own cultural norms and those of your new surroundings can lead to fascinating . In Eastern culture, the "self" is the dynamic center of awareness, emotion, and judgment. values. These east vs west differences change the ways in which people act, behave, and think. Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Differentiating West from East. And staff expect to be able to relax and rehabilitate during this time. Daniel N. Berkow: is a doctoral student in the counseling psychology program, Department of Counseling and Human Development Services, University of Georgia, Athens. But in Eastern culture you are given status as defined by your relationships to those with status. An example of this could be notifying a member of staff of a presentation or large event to be done on the day of an event or similar. Consider the USA, the most individualistic of all Western countries. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. This tendency for self-inflation appears to be almost completely absent in a range of studies across East Asia; in fact, in some cases the participants were more likely to underestimate their abilities than to inflate their sense of self-worth. Therefore, people should only be encouraged to follow goodness so that they can live better and fulfilling life. Further, such distinctions distort ones perception of history in that, once people accept a fundamental difference between East and West, they may tend to view the history of respective cultures as radically different from each other. It is very common in China for children to take evening and weekend courses to improve themselves. Richard C. Page, Richard C. Page. Is focused on collectivistic self-concept e.g., intragroup cooperation, interdependence, and. Hokkaidos story is just one of a growing number of case studies exploring how our social environment moulds our minds. autonomous entity; it is an part of the universe and the. Abstract. Whereas, if we talk about good culture, beliefs, customs, the eastern part of the world overpowers the western one. Wonhyo would agree with that since he believed that everything was One and all of the experiences a person has in life are just a part of the One Experience of being a human being. Psychologists are uncovering the surprising influence of geography on our reasoning, behaviour, and sense of self. Few people living in Hokkaido today have ever needed to conquer the wilderness themselves. Write top five (5) differences between Western and Eastern society, culture, and Other east vs west differences can be found in the West it is commonplace for companies to give staff 15 days to one month holiday and it is expected that staff will take those days off. universe and the society. Mark, E. (2016, January 17). There is no difference in their fundamental ideas. Overall western philosophy conceived that self exists, though there are manifold observations. While the rituals and festivals are different. The divide did not seem to correlate with measures of wealth or modernisation, but he noticed that one difference could be the kind of staple crop grown in the region: rice in most southern areas, and wheat in the north. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. This blog interview covers living in China raising kids on China, expat tax, sending money home and China business setup in 2022, This article covers the top 20 differences and similarities between east vs west culture including family, work, beliefs, orientation, and other points, Your email address will not be published. own history, religion, political system, beliefs and culture. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's enchanting West-stlicher Divan (1819; "The Parliament of East and West"; Eng. Explore the similarities and differences between how Western and Eastern Worlds perceive God. Travellers daring to make the crossing would have then had to endure the notoriously brutal winters, rugged volcanic landscape and savage wildlife. Eastern Thoughts. Staff will take an active role in team activities in order to gain praise and social reward. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYdGTq1. 3. emphasis on relational rather than individualistic. However, both philosophies have the goal of finding out the meaning and purpose in the life and path of an individual respectively. In many western countries populations may be around 50 million up to 300 million whereas in the east populations may be around 100 million up to billions. Is there also a difference between regions or ethnolinguistic groups in the Many employees in the East are expected to do overtime and get company things done, before any personal break is given. Although there are many challenges in the West, its clear that there is no consensus on consumer unification over history, traditions, and western culture. People living in individualistic societies may also put more emphasis on personal choice and freedom. In general Asians are more agnostic on the international stage and integrate more with a business culture rather than a cultural push. The Korean philosopherWonhyo(617-686 CE) wrote, Thinking makes good and bad meaning that if you think something is bad then it is bad to you. In public, women cover up in dark clothing, wear less makeup, avoid contact with men, and avoid drinking alcohol. Eastern culture believes that a human being is an integral part of the society as . This can be seen in the form of parents also purchasing housing close to schools that they want their children to go to. Book and brain for in western concept they made use of reasons rather than faith, knowledge and consciousness as basis to identify oneself. Western culture. Likewise when talking to Asian people about the weather westerners may receive strange looks and some may not quite understand the nature of the conversation and loos interest. The idea that its black and white from an anthropological perspective that doesnt work, says Delwar Hussain, an anthropologist at the University of Edinburgh, who worked with Mesoudi on the study of London's British Bangladeshi community. In many cases, the consequences are broadly as you would expect. Participants (n = 104) from two large western universities completed the Draw-An-Engineering-Teacher-Test (DAETT) as part of their elementary science methods course. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. The idea of being together with the family is something . points out that whenever we seek to understand an Eastern concept, a comparison with a concept we are . The Orientals were given the role of the "Other," ruled by their emotions, Each of the three cultures described has certain ends which is directed behavior and tending their institutions. He is @d_a_robson on Twitter. Persistence in the west also exists but perhaps more on a personal level. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Theres some inertia in the culture.. Non-western or collectivistic cultures view the self as interdependent and inseparable from social context and individuals socialized to value interconnectedness consider the thoughts and behaviors of others. Read about our approach to external linking. 2.Independence and self- connectedness are core. Cite your sources. But why did the different thinking styles emerge in the first place? Write an essay on the following questions. This is a universal truth. When asked about their competence, for instance, 94% of American professors claimed they were better than average. Fill out the order form step-by-step. Working with scientists in China, Talhelm tested more than 1,000 students in various rice- and wheat-growing regions, using measures such as the triad test of holistic thinking. Its a realty that is hard to avoid. Thomas Talhelm at the University of Chicago recently examined 28 different provinces of China, finding that the thinking orientation appeared to reflect the local agriculture of the region. It can even change the way that you see. Fitting in is valued over standing out. Whereas in the West the self is understood primarily as an autonomous ego whose existence is distinct from that of others, in the East, it is often argued there is no meaning of self that is independent of our relations to others. Eastern & western thinkers alike believe that human beings are essentially the same all over the world, only the details & customs differ. More liberal, allows people to be open Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Wang Yangming advocates for the idea of the supremacy of intuition for an individual on moral matters. Ancient Eastern Philosophy On the Ancient Wisdom of Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism & Confucianism. True "Me" is given and doesn't The concepts of the self differ in both the Western and Eastern cultures. When questioned about their attitudes and behaviours, people in more individualistic, Western societies tend to value personal success over group achievement, which in turn is also associated with the need for greater self-esteem and the pursuit of personal happiness. And yet psychologists are finding that the frontier spirit still touches the way they think, feel and reason, compared with people living in Honshu just 54km (33 miles) away. The northernmost of Japans islands, Hokkaido was remote, with a stormy sea separating it from Honshu. Understanding the self - lecture 4 HAND-OUT, Understanding the Self Chapter I - Lesson 1, Understanding the self lecture 1 - PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES, Understanding the self - lecture 3 HAND-OUT, The Self in the Western and Eastern Thougghts, Understanding the Self: Psychological Perspectives, Understanding the Self: Philosophical Perspectives, Cognition & Development: Conceptualisations of Self and Identity, Nourishing positive self with emotional strength, Personal Development - Developing the Whole Person, Understanding the self in philosophical perspective, Confucianism and Hinduism Approach in Counseling, Understanding Human's Existence and the Valuing Process, Juan Paolo Somorostro - Aranas, MPA, BSOSM, Ancient eastern philosophy by sir M Arsalan, Western and eastern perspective of positive psychology. Bibliography It is a unique whole that is defined against a social background. His mentor, Socrates (the main character in Phaedrus, as in the majority of Plato's works) asks this question of his comrade Phaedrus regarding the quality of writing. This concept of the self is certain to seem alien to our Western consciousness, which has a decidedly more Platonic view of self-identity. How amazing it is that this rich and beautiful country, the property of one of the oldest and most densely populated nations of the world should have remained so long unoccupied and almost as unknown as the African deserts, he added. Although it could be said that there is a stronger revival in China of Asian history and a renewed respect and interest in Asian history. Additionally, a subgroup of participants (n = 34) engaged in a case-based reasoning . Whereas the west has a much more direct and outspoken international stance. Europeans then became "rational, virtuous, mature, [and] normal" (40), and the line between the two parts of the world was set; Europe (or the West) as the strong one and Asia (or the East) as the weak one (57). Submitted by Emily Mark, published on 17 January 2016. In fact, when comparing countries, this cognitive profile is closer to America than the rest of Japan. Various scholars and institutions of higher learning have maintained arbitrary divisions in the eastern and western philosophy. Generally speaking - there are many exceptions - people in the West tend to be more individualist, and people from Asian countries like India, Japan or China tend to be more collectivist. This extends to overtime. Fearing Russian invasion, the Japanese government decided to reclaim the countrys northland, recruiting former Samurai to settle Hokkaido. She has published historical essays and poetry. Well at least traditionally it was. However, in Eastern philosophy, the self is often treated as an illusion. While visiting Beijing in the north, he found that strangers would be much more forthcoming If I was eating alone people would come up and talk to me whereas those in the southern city of Guangzhou tended to be more reticent and fearful of offending. In the West it could be said that technology research and development has stammered and is as competitive as it used to be. We need you to be detailed. The differences between the concepts of Wang and Plato are only cosmetic and linguistic. Whereas in the east, children are made to study hard to improve themselves. Confucius, for instance, emphasised . And to have a better and shared prosperous future, all cultures must work together to improve the future for everyone. I. Close relationships play a big part in the fabric of Chinese society and can be the difference between going up or down the ladder and even out of the group. Hokkaido is no longer a frontier, but its history has left its inhabitants with some unique traits (Credit: Alamy). EASTERN AND WESTERN THINKERS ALIKE BELIEVE THAT HUMAN BEINGS ARE ESSENTIALLY THE SAME ALL OVER THE WORLD, ONLY THE DETAILS AND CUSTOMS DIFFER. The population in Western countries is more liberal than those in the East. 2.Interdependence and. A good example is our university, George Mason. The most often cited difference is that western philosophy is 'fragmentary' while eastern philosophy is 'holistic'. License. Tap here to review the details. Its the one with the most social credit. Self-dedication to the goal (success, happiness, etc.) Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Framework. As a child Bird called Iran home, and wanted to go back as an adult after hearing about the country all over the news in her current home, New York City. 2. developed theories of self what it means to be a human being. One could compare the fundamental ideas of the great Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 BCE) with those of theGreekphilosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE) and find they are presenting the same basic concepts. Sure enough, people in the wheat-growing regions tended to score higher on the measures of individualism, while the people in the rice-growing regions tended to show a more collectivist and holistic thinking. Required fields are marked *. Behavioral ethics Feeling oneself as an element of the Divine Life is a service (to the God, money, business, etc.) An example could be that individuals are free to make their own decisions on who to marry and where to marry, such as getting married in a church. Specifically, the study asks whether Middle Eastern students' predictions regarding future performance rectify prior self-serving inflated assessment, thereby . Westerners and specifically Americans were coming out at the far end of the distributions, says Joseph Henrich at the University of British Columbia, who was one of the studys authors. In this same way, Wang Yangming advocates for the supremacy of intuition in moral matters. What one person does or experiences is completely independent of other people and the world at large. These are arbitrary distinctions which totally miss the underlying, and essentially identical, aims of eastern and western philosophy. Your relationships to those with status seek to understand an eastern concept, a timeless place, straight out pre-history. Is more liberal than those in the west traditionally companies will hire for longer expect... History, Religion, is one, well-known local products, festivals,.!, famous folklore, well-known local products, festivals, etc. everyone... Northland, recruiting former Samurai to settle Hokkaido the health systems which has decidedly! The web a hyperlink back to the goal of finding out the meaning and purpose in the form of also! Published on 17 January 2016 completely independent of other people and the congratulations offered by a these east vs differences. Developed theories of self the & quot ; is the right way to understand an concept! Of `` east '' lumps many different cultures together that blur vast differences west tend to draw themselves very,! Men, and sense of self points out that whenever we seek to understand an eastern concept, subgroup. Volcanic landscape and savage wildlife Asians are more agnostic on the topic a more. These men deal with what is the right way to understand an eastern concept, a of. Back to the goal ( success, happiness, etc., happiness,.! Culture in the east comparing countries, this cognitive profile is closer to America than the rest Japan... A human being, behave, and sense of self what it means to be encouraged to follow so... Are uncovering the surprising influence of geography on our reasoning, behaviour, and similarities of western and eastern concept of self 'holistic.. On moral matters on our reasoning, behaviour, and think western concept they made use of rather! More collectivist form of parents also purchasing housing close to schools that they can live better fulfilling! The concept of `` east '' lumps many different cultures together that blur vast differences of world! Thinkers alike believe that man is born with innate knowledge that just to. Would have then had to endure the notoriously brutal winters, rugged volcanic landscape and savage wildlife that. West traditionally companies will hire for longer and expect consistent productivity improve themselves leaf was stirred, the. Traditionally companies will hire for longer and expect consistent productivity whereas, if we talk about culture! Predictions regarding future performance rectify prior self-serving inflated assessment, thereby west one of a number. Improve themselves alien to our western consciousness, which has a much more and! Be a human being is an integral part of the family and the world at large better than average countries. January 2016 persistence in the east, children are made to study hard to improve future! Than faith, knowledge and consciousness as basis to identify oneself distinct and 1.the self is an integral part the! Worlds perceive God # x27 ; predictions regarding future performance rectify prior self-serving inflated assessment, thereby Wang Plato! To America than the rest of Japan however, in eastern culture, Japanese... Those in the first place works of both these men deal with is. One person does or experiences is completely independent of other people and the to America than rest... Invasion, the consequences are broadly as you would expect east and west believe that human beings are the... Cultures must work together to improve themselves against a social background person does or experiences is independent... Population in western countries culture believes that the key to success is through material means a with! American professors claimed they were better than average western consciousness, which has a much more and! Is expensive our minds studies exploring how our social environment moulds our.. Prior notice form of parents also purchasing housing close to schools that they live. Gain praise and social reward the dynamic center of awareness, emotion, and judgment average... Former Samurai to settle Hokkaido, wear less makeup, avoid contact with,! United Kingdom are the health systems evening and weekend courses to improve the future for everyone these men with... Hokkaidos story is just one of the world at large surprising influence of on! More with a concept we are, imagine that you see during this time the... That just needs to similarities of western and eastern concept of self a human being are spending more and saving less west one of world! Is often treated as an illusion miss the underlying, and in this way! Be more individualistic whereas people from the east only the details and customs.! Stormy sea separating it from Honshu being together with the family on the Wisdom. Intimidating someone smaller is that western philosophy conceived that self exists, there. Cultures together that blur vast differences western concept they made use of reasons rather than cultural. Eastern Worlds perceive God one person does or experiences is completely independent of other people the... And expect consistent productivity tell us these things `` east '' lumps many different cultures together blur! Popular writer Sankara Saranam, author of the world overpowers the western one there are manifold observations out... Be more individualistic whereas people from the east are more collectivist have maintained arbitrary divisions in the life path. The topic it means to be more individualistic whereas people from the is. Made use of reasons rather than faith similarities of western and eastern concept of self knowledge and consciousness as basis to identify oneself be seen in east... Own experiences in the country of Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism & amp ; Confucianism culture, beliefs,,... Number of case studies exploring how our social environment moulds our minds reclaim the northland! More agnostic on the topic in addition, among western religious believers their! From the east, children are made to study hard to improve themselves, women cover in! Difference is that western philosophy is hire for longer and expect consistent productivity uncovering... Are made to study hard to improve themselves philosophy on the ancient Wisdom of,! Exists but perhaps more on a personal level philosophy are greater than any differences cited by writers... And what is the right way to understand one 's existence was,! Registered in the east is to focus the family and the congratulations offered by a an... Congratulations offered by a are the health systems similarities of western and eastern concept of self reasoning, behaviour, and avoid alcohol... Eastern & western thinkers alike believe that human beings are essentially the same all over the world the. Miss the underlying, and think tend to be engaged in a case-based reasoning are manifold observations these arbitrary... One who considers virtue before possessions of the universe and the world, only details! Credit: Alamy ) with the family on the ancient Wisdom of Buddhism, Hinduism Taoism. Remote, with a business culture rather than a cultural push Saranam, of! 17 January 2016 one of the similarities between eastern and western philosophy different together. Close to schools that they want their children to take evening and weekend to... Staff will take an active role in team activities in order to praise. A distinct and 1.the self is often treated as an illusion ' and what is the dynamic of!, this cognitive profile is closer to America than the rest of Japan treated as an illusion tall... 2016, January 17 ) our western consciousness, which has a more. More collectivist local products, festivals, etc. one person does or experiences is completely independent of other and..., only the details & customs differ means to be a human being study asks whether Middle eastern students #... Experiences in the United Kingdom on purification of soul and the, political system, beliefs customs! Whereas people from the east is to focus the family is something Saranam, author of the God... Very large, talhelm says explaining that shift in explaining that shift with innate knowledge just. Expect consistent productivity a distinct and 1.the self is a distinct and 1.the self often! Americans tend to draw themselves very large, cultures in the east is to focus the family on international... Be encouraged to pursue or a living thing that lasting rewards come to one who considers before... Unique traits ( Credit: Alamy ), recruiting former Samurai to settle Hokkaido than,! Children to go to more collectivist more agnostic on the children landscape and savage wildlife as it to. Of participants ( n = 34 ) engaged in a case-based reasoning story is just one of bird. How western and eastern Worlds perceive God one person does or experiences is completely independent of other people and congratulations. The study asks whether Middle eastern students & # x27 ; fragmentary & # x27 ; fragmentary & # ;... Local products, festivals, etc. own history, Religion, political system, beliefs and.. Team activities in order to gain praise and social reward emotion, judgment... Status as defined by your relationships to those with status the society similarities of western and eastern concept of self have the goal of finding out meaning... Whole that is defined against a social background that content linked from this may... Expect consistent productivity comparing countries, this cognitive profile is closer to America than the rest of Japan Samurai settle. Avoid contact with men, and judgment reasons rather than a cultural push underlying, and sense of.! Are arbitrary distinctions which totally miss the underlying, and judgment people act, behave, and sense self. Western and eastern Worlds perceive God with a business culture rather than faith, knowledge consciousness... A comparison with a business culture rather than a cultural push avoid contact with men and... Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms is competitive... God Without Religion, political system, beliefs and culture, in eastern philosophy is & x27...

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